【作者】 陈峻崎；

【导师】 朱金兆； 余新晓；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 古树作为活文物,既是一个地区宝贵的特殊资源,又是记录其历史文化和经济发展的一部分,对研究其人文历史、古代气象和园林设计变迁等具有重要的作用。本研究以北京十三陵地区的庆王坟和明永陵、西山林场的香山、地坛公园、北二环城市公园为研究区域,研究对象包括侧柏、油松、白皮松和国槐四种古树类型。通过对北京古树进行调查,在分析古树形态、土壤理化性质、叶片化学特性等因子的基础上,建立了古树健康形态学评价和综合评价指标体系,运用不同的评价方法对古树健康状况进行了评价分析。主要研究结果如下：(1)北京古树形态及生态特征分析对所调查的365株古树的形态特征进行分析,分别从区域、树种和古树级别方面对古树进行分析比较。从不同区域来看,地坛古树的平均树高、新梢年生长量、胸径都较大,树叶稀疏程度、枯枝比例和古树树洞较小,总体生长状况最好。从不同树种来看,白皮松树高最大、枯枝比例最小、树干倾斜度最小、无树洞,四种古树中白皮松生长状况相对最好。从不同级别来看,一级古树的新梢年生长量大于二级古树,树干倾斜度、树叶稀疏程度、枯枝比例小于二级古树。从中随机选取64株古树,对其生态特征进行分析。不同元素在不同树种叶片中含量差异较大,如白皮松中Mg、Zn含量高,Fe、Ca、TK含量最小；不同区域、不同级别古树叶片中各元素含量也不同。4种古树中侧柏土壤物理性质较好,国槐土壤化学性质最好；不同区域中地坛土壤理化性质相对于其他4个区域最佳；不同级别古树土壤理化性质多表现为一级古树土壤理化性质较差。(2)北京古树健康评价指标的选取通过层次分析法选择的形态学评价指标包括树干损伤程度、树干倾斜度、枯断枝比例、新枝生长量、树叶茂密程度、失绿比例、非正常落叶比例、根系裸露程度；综合评价选择的指标有树干倾斜度、枯枝百分比、新梢年生长量、土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤非毛管孔隙度、土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤pH值、土壤有机质含量、土壤速效N含量、土壤速效N含量、土壤速效P含量、叶片全K含量、叶片Ca含量、叶片全K含量等15个指标。(3)北京古树健康评价方法通过形态学评价方法对365棵古树健康进行评价,其中处于亚健康水平古树的比例为60.89%,处于健康水平古树的比例为33.80%,衰弱古树的比例为5.31%,无濒死古树。用综合评价方法对其中64棵古树健康进行评价,用加权主成分分析法对古树健康状况进行排序,同时通过灰色聚类分析对64棵古树的健康状况进行评价：处于健康水平古树有22棵、亚健康水平33棵、衰弱古树为6棵、濒死古树为3棵。通过BP神经网络法比较了形态学评价方法与综合评价方法,证明了古树健康综合评价与形态学评价具有较好的一致性。更多还原

【Abstract】 As live cultural relics, ancient trees are both special resources and an essential part of history and economy record, they play an important role in the study of history, meteorology, and ancient gardens. The research analyzed the tree form, chemical and physical characteristics of soil and chemical properties of leaves through investigating the ancient trees. This dissertation established the ancient trees health rapid and precision evaluation index system, and applied different evaluation methods to evaluate health condition of ancient trees. Sampling sites of the research include the Qing Wang Tomb, Ming Dynasty Yong Tomb, the Fragrant Hill, Ditan Park and the places near North Second Ring Road. The tree species including platycladus orientalis, pinus tabulaeformis, pinus bungeana and sophora japonica. This study evaluated the ancient trees health in Beijing comprehensively for the first time, The selected evaluation indicators have guiding significance to the ancient trees health evaluation, and they will provide advice and reference for conservation and rehabilitation of ancient trees.The main results were as follows:(1) Morphology study was conducted on365old trees. It analyzed the characteristics of different tree species, regions and age levels. From different regions, the average tree height, year increment of new branch, diameter at breast height of ancient trees in Ditan Park are bigger, and trunk inclination, leaves sparse situation, dry branches, tree holes are lesser, the general growth condition of ancient trees in Ditan Park are the best. From different tree species, Pinus bungeana Zucc.ex Endl. has the greatest tree height, the least dry branches, the smallest trunk inclination and no tree holes, the white pink ancient trees lives best relatively. The first-grade ancient trees perform better than the second-grade. Physiological characteristics of64ancient trees randomly selected have been analyzed. Elements in leaves of different trees are different. Soil physical properties of Platycladus orientalis is the best and the soil chemical properties of Sophora japonica is the best. Soil physical and chemical properties in Ditan Park are the best than other regions. The soil physical and chemical properties of most first-grade ancient trees show poor level than the second-grade ones.(2) The selection of ancient trees health evaluation indexes including morphology evaluation indicator and precision evaluation indexes. Rapid evaluation indexes including damage degree of tree trunk, degree of leaves dense, trunk inclination, deadwood proportion, increment of new branch, abnormal fallen leaves proportion and bare root ratio. Fifteen indices were chosen as comprehensive evaluation indicators, which are trunk inclination, year increment of new branches, dead branches ratio, soil capillary porosity, soil capillary porosity, soil water content and soil bulk density, soil pH, soil organic matter content, soil available N content, soil available N content of soil available P content, leaf Ca content, total K content and total K content in leaves.(3) The research used rapid evaluation method, the weighted principal component analysis, gray clustering analysis and BP neural network to evaluate ancient trees’health status. Rapid method evaluated365trees’ health status, the results shows that proportion of sub-health ancient trees is60.89%, proportion of healthy trees is33.80%, and unhealthy trees accounted for5.31%, there is no dying trees. Using weighted principal component analysis (pca) sorted the trees bases on their health status. According to gray clustering analysis, there are22healthy trees,33sub-healthy trees,6unhealthy tree and3dying trees of the64trees. Thanks to BP neural network for modeling analysis, it verifies the consistency of rapid evaluation method and precision evaluation method.更多还原