【作者】 张勇敢；

【导师】 谭帆；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 评点是中国古代戏曲主要批评体式之一。本文致力于清代戏曲评点演变历程之梳理,大体上从评点主体、评点形式、评点思想三个维度考量戏曲评点,并以“有什么”、“是什么”、“为什么”揭橥每一时段的评点风貌。出于论述需要,本文将清代戏曲评点分为三个时段,诸期评点状况如下：清前期(顺治、康熙、雍正)共有120余种戏曲评点本。评点主体从明代书商、文人、曲家“三足鼎立”转变为文人“一枝独秀”,著述体、知己体、参评体是值得关注的评点现象；明代戏曲简略、稀疏之评点形式至此发展为繁密化、体系化之评点形态；文本价值、传播价值、演剧价值、理论批评价值构成了清前期戏曲评点价值系统。评点家从关目新奇、布局技法两个方面观照戏曲结构,前者集中于“新”“巧”之奇、“奇”在情理之中、突兀性收场三个方面,后者涉及戏曲关目之“犯”与“避”、贯穿照应、布局原则等论题。导演论、观众论、演剧剧本论体现着评点批评对戏曲演出的介入,《西厢记演剧》、《还魂记定本》、《长生殿》等评点本蕴含着丰富的搬演思想。评点家以“文”观曲,“文”作为一种戏曲本体观念被凸显出来,金批《西厢》、毛批《琵琶》、张雍敬自评《醉高歌》之文法批评是戏曲“文”体观念的直接呈现。清中期(乾隆、嘉庆、道光)共有150余种戏曲评点本。评点主体进一步文人化,评、撰关系趋于私密化；评点形态繁富有余而体系不足,同时涵涉眉批、出批、夹批的评点本开始减少,体系化评点形态体现在金批《西厢》形态流衍方面；戏曲批语之典雅化、四字化、诗化标示着评点形态的文人化。在结构评点方面,以戏剧性为底蕴的结构观念有所失落,结构批评与文法阐析趋于“合流”,生成颇具时代特性的戏曲结构章法化景观,“滴滴归源”、“首尾团紧”、“擒题”、“逗出下折”等章法结构思想蔚为大观。戏曲舞台评点批评虽然涉及惜力节劳、排场艺术、演剧提示多个方面,但已失去指导戏曲演出的能力,且舞台评点仅是评点家偶一为之的批评行为,戏曲舞台品格之评点演化为舞台艺术文化之总结。阐述剧旨是戏曲评点批评的重要义涵,忠、孝、节、义、悌、劝善、报恩等方面的批语充斥各剧,以礼规情、情归于幻标示着“情”之内涵转变,评点批评见证着戏曲思想的演变。清后期(咸丰、同治、光绪、宣统)共有60余种戏曲评点本。咸丰元年至光绪二十年间的戏曲评点持续清中叶评点理路,承继者多、新变者少。光绪二十一年至宣统三年间戏曲评点之新变色彩突出,评点主体身上不无政治家身影,报刊体戏曲限制了评点形态。评点家借助戏曲评点宣传救国保族、振兴女权思想,体现着社会文化批评的强化；评点批评关注戏曲文体变革,展现了戏曲结构、角色、宾白的嬗变历程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Commentary is one of the main criticism style of chinese ancient drama.The article mainly studies commentary history of Qing Dynasty,commenter, commentary form and commentary theory are research three perspectives.The commentary history of Qing Dynasty can be divided into three periods,the main contents are as follows:In the early stage of Qing Dynasty,Shunzhi Kangxi Yongzheng have more than one hundred and twenty kinds of drama commentary.The Ming Dynasty’s commenter includes bookseller,literati,composer,and literati are only type in this period,there are four phenomenons worthy of attention on the basis of literati’s drama commentary.In the Ming Dynasty,drama commentary’s form is simple and brief,the Qing Dynasty drama commentary’s formal characteristic become intensively and systematically.Rivise text,diffuse text,guide performance,summarizes theoretical thoughts constitute system of cmmentary’s function.Conmmenter focus on surprised plot and technique of plot setting.drama commentary include rich ideas,such as directing thought,audience consciousness,script of performing.XixiangjiYanju HuanhunjiDingben and Changshengdian contains abundant thoughts of acting.Commenter put ancient drama as prose,they consider that drama commentary contains prose’ structure method.The middle period of Qing Dynasty includes three periods of Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang,more than one hundred and fifty commentary scripts are produced.Commenter and playwright have intimate relationship,commentary form is intensive,but systematical form disappears gradually.Meanwhile,some comment words is very element.In the opinion of comment, drama structure concepts have great changes,they are equivalent to laws of ancient prose structure,some of comment words can be exemplified,such as DidiGuiyuan ShouweiTuanjin Qinti DouchuXiazhe.In this period, some advice on performance transformes into stage cultural gradually, they have no value in performing.Explain the theme is an important task for drama commentary,there have great changes for drama thought.The late period of Qing Dynasty includs four periods of Xianfeng, Tongzhi,Guangxu and Xuantong,this period have more than sixty commentary scripts. From year of Xianfeng to Guanxu twenty years,drama commentary continue former characteristic.There have great changes Between Guanxu twenty-one years to Xianfeng three years,some commenter are politicians,comment forms are very simple.Commenter propaganda ideology of saving nation and feminist revitalization. Commenter focus ondrama style’s change, commentary shows the evolution of structure, roles and spoken parts.更多还原