【作者】 杨英；

【导师】 马和民；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 教育学原理， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 当前中国处于传统文化、现代文化和后现代文化共存的社会加速转型期,社会涌现出良莠不齐的多元价值观,潜伏着价值观混乱与失调的危险,出现荣耻不分的现象。研究青少年羞耻观的状况,把握社会转型期的青少年羞耻观的时代特征及成因,对个人发展、学校教育和国家文化建设具有现实意义。本研究为解答核心问题“当代青少年的羞耻观特征及其成因””,选取山东、上海和重庆的高中生作为调研对象,采用“文献、访谈与开放式问卷——青少年羞耻感问卷——数据的采集与分析”的工作路径,定性研究与定量研究相结合,问卷数据分析与访谈、观察与作品分析相结合,综合运用文献研究法和调查研究方法,对当代青少年的羞耻观现状进行多方位的分析,旨在探索当前青少年羞耻观的新特征,分析形成原因,进而对青少年正确羞耻观的培养提出建议。以调查数据、访谈和作品资料为论断依据,归纳出当代青少年羞耻观特征。研究发现,尽管当代青少年的羞耻观主流上是健康的,但也呈现出不可忽视的倾向。如果任由发展,发生“破窗效应”,就会引发更消极的影响,因此非常有必要关注到青少年羞耻观的小趋势和新特征。从小趋势上看,当代青少年的羞耻观是反叛型,其特征包括：(1)反叛传统倾向是青少年羞耻观的重要特征,以反叛我国的传统美德为主要内容,具体表现在反抗勤劳、节俭、恭亲、敬长、尊师、诚信、谦让的美德。这种解构传统美德的小趋势不利于个人优良品质的养成,更不利于传统美德的发扬。(2)释放自我倾向是青少年羞耻观的鲜明特点,以崇尚时尚、凸显个性和放逐情感为主要内容,表现出当代青少年敢于解放自我、表达自我、放任自我和主导自我的生活态度。释放自我对发挥个人的主动性、实现个性的自由与解放是有积极意义的,但过度的放任自我会使青少年走向无约束的状态,养成以自我为中心的个性特征。(3)逾规脱序倾向是青少年羞耻观的典型特征,表现为抵抗学校规范,默认社会不良潜规则。小部分青少年以各种失范行为挑战学校制度权威,并视社会潜规则为制胜法宝。这些逾越学校和社会规范的行为,若不加引导制止,将会在青少年群体中蔓延,引发更大规模的失范行为。(4)“能力至上”倾向是青少年羞耻观的突出特征,表面上看他们不赞同勤学苦读的学习方式,更加重视学习过程。反叛分数至上、死记硬背的学习方式具有一定的进步性。但实质上这种“能力至上”的羞耻观是青少年对学习抱有无所谓态度的反映,隐藏着反抗学习本身的小趋势。青少年羞耻观的反叛特征是其亚文化的表现,也昭示着青少年群体中已经形成了一股解构传统和正统的力量。究其成因,是家庭、学校和社会共同作用的结果。在家庭方面,不稳定的家庭结构、不民主的教养方式、父母自身价值观不良、父母双方的教育观念矛盾都容易引起青少年的反叛行为。在学校方面,不良的校风和班风,过于严苛或松弛的学校规范都会为青少年逾越规范提供机会,同辈群体中的不良观念会凝聚更多的反叛力量。教师自身的言行举止和学校教化活动也是影响青少年羞耻观的因素。在社会方面,享乐主义滋生,权力欲望横行,负面文化流行都为青少年反叛传统提供外围环境支持。媒体中介的加盟,强势地参与建构青少年的亚文化,不良信息的煽动也是助长青少年反叛的原因。为培养青少年积极正确的羞耻观,社会、家庭、学校、媒体需要共建教育共同体。政府主动承担责任,净化社会道德环境。加强道德宣传,营造尊老爱幼、诚实守信、谦逊有礼、勤俭节约的社会风尚。加强制度建设,保证社会秩序良好运转。支持公益实践,完善校外教育功能。家庭主动发挥正面教育影响力,家长要提高素养,不能溺爱孩子,以民主方式与孩子沟通。学校要加强校风班风建设,加强民主制度建设；教师主动与家长沟通,重点监控和引导不良小群体；教师自身也要提高素养,增强民主管理的能力。媒体要净化舆论环境,以正面报道为主,对负面事件进行理性的分析,防止青少年盲目模仿。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, China is in an accelerating social transformation period, in which traditional culture, modern culture and post-modern culture are coexisting. In the society, uneven multi-values are emerged, and the danger of value confusion and value disorder is lurking, which lead to the reversal of pride and shame. Therefore, studying on the current situation of adolescents’concept of shame, and finding out its characteristics and the causes of formation in the social transformation period, has practical significance to personal development, school education and national culture construction.To solve the core problem of "the characteristics and causes of formation of contemporary adolescents’ concept of shame", this study has selected high school students in Shandong Province, Shanghai City and Chongqing City as the research object. Having applied the method of "literature, interviews and open questionnaire—questionnaire of the adolescents’ shame—data acquisition and analysis", and combining qualitative research with quantitative research, questionnaire data analysis and interviews with observation and works information analysis, literature research method with empirical research method, this study has multi-dimensionally analyzed the current condition of the contemporary adolescents’ concept of shame, so as to find out the new characteristics of adolescents’ concept of shame, and analyze the main causes of its formation, and then propose some suggestions for the cultivation of adolescents’ correct concept of shame.With the survey data, interviews and works information as the basis of judgment, this study has concluded the characteristics the contemporary adolescents’ concept of shame. Although in some main aspects contemporary adolescents’concept of shame is healthy, it still has some inneglectable trends. If we let them be, the Broken Window will lead to more passive results. So, it is very necessary to pay special attention to the minor trends and new characteristics of adolescents’ concept of shame. In the perspective of minor trends, contemporary adolescents’ concept of shame is rebellious, including the following characteristics:(1) The basic characteristic of adolescents’ concept of shame is the orientation of rebelling tradition, with rebelling the traditional virtues of our country as the main content, reflected in rebelling the virtues of hard-working, thrift, respecting parents, elders and teachers, integrity, and humility.(2) The distinct characteristic of adolescents’ concept of shame is the orientation of releasing the self, with advocating fashion, highlighting individuality, and banishing the emotion as the main content, showing the contemporary adolescents’ life attitude of liberating self, expressing self, indulging self and leading self. Liberating self is good for bringing out individual’s initiative and realizing the freedom and liberation of individuality, but too much indulgence will lead the adolescents to an unconfined condition, in which they will form the self-centered characteristics.(3) The typical characteristic of adolescents’ shame concept is the orientation of violating the rules and taking off the order, reflected in resisting schools’ regulation and defaulting social rules. A small part of adolescents challenge schools’ institutional authority with misconduct, and regard social latent rules as the key to success. If these behaviors are not restrained, they will spread among the adolescent groups, leading to more serious misconduct.(4) The prominent characteristic of adolescents’ concept of shame is the orientation of the notion of "ability first", reflected superficially in rebelling hard-working and agreeing that learning process is more important than learning result. Rebelling the concept of "scores first" and mechanical memorizing has some positiveness, but actually this kind of "ability first" is a reflection on adolescents’ overlook to study, which covers the minor trends of rebelling study itself.The characteristic of rebelling of contemporary adolescents’ shame concept is the performance of adolescent’s subculture, and also indicates that a force to deconstruct the traditional and the orthodox has formed. It is caused by the co-work of family, school and society. In terms of family, unstable family structure, undemocratic parenting style, bad values of parents, or their contradictory education concept can cause adolescents’ rebelling behavior. In terms of school, unhealthy spirit of school and class and too harsh or too loose school regulation will provide opportunities to revolt school regulation for adolescents. Bad ideas from peer groups will accumulate more insurgents. Teachers’ behavior and school education activities are also factor that affect adolescents’ shame concept. In terms of society, the spreading hedonism, the prevalence of lust for power, and the popular negative cultures are all supporting adolescents to rebel tradition. Media are participating in the construction of the youth subculture and the bad information also contributes to the rebellion.In order to cultivate adolescents’positive and correct shame concept, the society, family, school, and media need to build an education community. The government should take responsibility initiatively to purify the social moral environment. It should strengthen moral advocacy, and build a social fashion of respecting the elderly, loving the young, honest and integrity, humility and polite, diligent and thrifty. It also should strengthen the institutional construction in order to guarantee the proper operation of social order. The government should support practice of the public welfare, so as to perfect the function of afterschool education. Family should play a positive role in the education:Parents should raise their attainment, can’t spoil the children, and should communicate with them in democratic way. School should enhance the construction of school and class spirit and democratic system. Teachers ought to take the initiative to communicate with parents, mainly monitoring and guiding the bad groups. They should also improve their own abilities to improve democratic management. Media should purify the environment of public opinion with positive coverage, rational analysis of negative events to prevent adolescents’blind imitation.更多还原