【作者】 王新萍；

【导师】 郑忆石；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 工业文明自诞生以来,既创造了巨大的文明成果,又给人类带来了生态灾难。人类对自然的掠夺与支配在使人类社会成为自然的最大敌人同时,也使生态危机成为当今世界面临的最严重的危机之一。寻求生态危机发生的原因,找到解决生态危机的路径,己成为世界范围内思想家们共同思索的问题。有效路径的选择,正确理论的构建,离不开科学的历史观和方法论。北美生态学马克思主义正是在运用马克思主义的方法,从马克思主义历史观寻求理论资源中,成了批判当代生态危机的一支劲旅。因其对资本主义的激烈批判而有别于其它生态理论和思潮,因其将生态危机的根源定位于资本主义的生产方式,北美生态学马克思主义的理论有着独特的深刻性并影响甚广。北美生态学马克思主义兴起于20世纪70年代。它的兴起是现实与理论的双重因素之果。就时代背景来看,它面临生态危机以及生态运动的现实挑战。就理论背景而言,它有多重源脉。在回击西方诸多生态理论家们对马克思主义具有反生态性的无端之责,北美生态学马克思主义直接从马克思主义之中吸取了自然的先在性以及共产主义的人与自然和解的思想、继承了法兰克福学派的社会的自然概念、科技理性批判以及异化消费批判的理论,此外,北美生态学马克思主义还间接吸取了生态主义思潮的理论,形成了其独具特色且影响广大的生态学理论。北美生态学马克思主义从现实与理论的多重路径中找寻历史唯物主义对生态的理解。在对历史唯物主义生态思想的深入挖掘与认真梳理后,它或者对历史唯物主义进行了从经济危机到生态危机理论的改造、文化、自然与劳动三位一体的生态理论的重构,或者对其本身内含的生态理论进行重释。北美生态学马克思主义得出了历史唯物主义蕴含了丰富的生态思想,可以为当今生态危机的解决提供理论来源的结论。北美生态学马克思主义从历史唯物主义中获得的最大生态资源是将当今生态危机的根源归结为资本主义的生产方式。它批判科学技术理性、异化消费以及由此造成的自然异化,但同时又将对二者的批判置于对资本主义制度批判的基础上。通过这种从制度视角寻求生态危机真正根源的批判,北美生态学马克思主义表明了其理论的深刻性。既然资本主义的生产方式、社会制度是生态危机的根源,因此推翻资本主义制度,进行生态革命,建立生态社会主义便成为北美生态学马克思主义的理想。北美生态学马克思主义认为,通过革命建立的理想社会,将是国家政权主导下的民主、平等的社会,是国家计划与市场调节双结合的社会,是生态文化所主导与支配的社会,是没有国度边界限制的国际性社会。北美生态学马克思主义的理论价值在于：在社会主义低潮之时,“回到马克思”,并依据时代的发展和现实提出的问题以及历史唯物主义研究主题的转换作答,为马克思主义注入了新的生态要素,从而在坚持马克思主义的同时丰富了马克思主义；而它关于资本、技术、生产与消费在资本主义制度下扮演了自然的敌人之角色的观点,由于中国不能完全取消它们,因此,北美生态学马克思主义的辩证分析则启示我们必须辩证地处理四者的关系；而它关于生产方式的变革是解决生态危机根本之路的观点则启示我们看清生态危机的真面目,认识到变革资本主义的生产方式和社会制度才是解决当今世界生态危机的根本出路。当代中国,资源和环境存在的诸多问题,生态意识的确立更为突出和迫切,而这是建设生态文明的最大资源。然而由于历史、社会环境等原因,北美生态学马克思主义的理论也有其局限性。它在改造和修正历史唯物主义之路上走得过远,试图用生态危机论取代马克思主义的经济危机论。至于它所设想的以进行生态革命建立的生态社会主义社会则因其过于浓厚的解构性和过于弱化的建构性而具有乌托邦色彩。更多还原

【Abstract】 The industrial civilization, since its birth, not only has created enormous achievements of civilization, but has given humanity the ecological disaster. The plunder and domination of nature imposed by human made themselves the greatest enemy of nature, and the ecological crisis has become one of the most serious crises facing the world. Seeking reasons for the ecological crisis and finding the path to solve the ecological crisis have become the common thinking of worldwide thinkers. The selection of effective path and the establishment of correct theory are inseparable from the scientific view of history and methodology. Just with the idea and methods of Marxism, seeking resources from the historical materialism, Ecological Marxism in north America has become a powerhouse in criticizing the contemporary ecological crisis. Because of its intense criticism of capitalism and being different from other ecological theories and ideas, and locating the root of the ecological crisis in the capitalist mode of production, the theory of Ecological Marxism in north America has a unique and profound impact on a wide range.Ecological Marxism in north America emerged in the1970s. Its rise is a result of two factors, reality and theory. From the view of time background, it is faced with the reality challenges of ecological crisis and the ecological movement. In terms of the theoretical background, it has multiple sources of theories. In fighting back the anti-ecological criticism from many Western Ecological theorists. Ecological Marxism in north America draws "nature first" thought and the reconciliation between man and nature in the communist society directly from Marxism, inherits the concept of nature in social, critique of rationality of science and technology and critical theory of alienation consumption from the theory of the Frankfurt School. And the theory of Ecological Marxism in north America also draws indirectly the ecological ideologies.Ecological Marxism in north America formed the majority of its unique ecological theory and has a wide influence.Ecological Marxism in north America finds historical materialism’s understanding of ecology by multiple paths from the reality and theory. After the deep and earn understanding of historical materialism, Ecological Marxism in north America reconstructs the ecological theory from the economic crisis theory to the ecological crisis theory and completes the transformation theory. It builds the theory of cultural, natural and labor trinity, and reinterprets it within its own ecological theory. Ecological Marxism in north America comes to the conclusion:the historical materialism contains a wealth of ecological thinking, and can provide theoretical sources to the solution of today’s ecological crisis.Ecological Marxism in north America’s largest ecological resource obtaining from the historical materialism is that the root of today’s ecological crisis is attributed to the capitalist mode of production. It criticizes the rationality of science and technology, alienation of consumption and natural alienation resulting from them, and in turn it places the criticism of the two on the basis of the critique of capitalist system. Through this kind of criticism, seeking the real source of ecological crisis from the perspective system, Ecological Marxism in north America demonstrates the profundity of his theory.Since the capitalist mode of production, the social system is the root of the ecological crisis, the overthrowing of the capitalist system, the practice of ecological revolution, and the establishment of eco-socialism have become the ideal of Ecological Marxism in north America. Ecological Marxism in north America believes that the ideal society established through revolution will be under the guidance of a democratic state power and egalitarian society, and be the state of the combination of market adjustment and plan adjustment, and be under ecological culture domination and be an international society without country borders.The theoretical values of Ecological Marxism in north America lie in: at the time of low tide of socialism, it "returns to Marx," and answers questions based on the reality of the times and the proposed question and the conversion of historical materialism research topic. It injects new ecological factors into Marxism, upholds Marxism and enriches Marxism. Capital, technology, production and consumption playing a role of natural enemy in the capitalist system cannot be completely cancelled in China, therefore, Ecological Marxism in north America’s dialectical analysis enlightens us that we must deal with the dialectical relationship between the four factors. Its view that the change of the mode of production is the fundamental way to solve the ecological crisis enlightens us that we should see the true face of the ecological crisis, and recognize the change in capitalism mode of production and social system is the fundamental way to solve the ecological crisis in the world today. In contemporary China, many problems exist in resources and environment, the establishment of ecological consciousness is urgent, which is the largest resource of ecological civilization construction. However, due to historical, social, environmental and other reasons, the theory of Ecological Marxism in north America also has its limitations. It has gone too far on the road of reforming and correction of historical materialism, trying to replace the economic crisis theory of Marxism with the ecological crisis theory. And because of too thick deconstructionism and too weakening construction, the color of utopia is reflected in its envisaging of eco-socialism realized by carrying on ecological revolution.更多还原