【作者】 赵鲁南；

【导师】 田麦久；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 竞速运动是竞技体育的重要组成部分，竞速运动参赛结果对参赛单位综合赛绩评价有重要意义，竞速运动的发展对其它相近运动有重要促进作用。探讨竞速运动的共性特征可以促进人们对竞速运动整体发展状况的了解、清晰竞速运动不同分项间存在的异同性；可以为竞速运动的综合管理提供思路、为竞速运动提供制胜策略及训练理念。采用文献资料检索、问卷调查、专家访谈、逻辑归纳、数理统计、录像观察、个案研究等方法，对竞速运动的制胜因素及训练特征等问题进行研究，得出如下结论：1、竞速运动是以竞赛中参赛选手全程移动速度的快慢或竞赛用时长短作为评判竞赛成绩标准的运动；竞速运动的本质是运动员快速通过不同距离位移能力的较量；在夏、冬季奥运会比赛中，竞速项目分别占小项总数的40%与60%左右，均居各类运动项目之首，竞速运动参赛结果对参赛单位综合赛绩评价有重要意义。2、竞速运动的总体特征为：以比赛速度为运动成绩的判断标准；以单人竞赛为主；属体能主导类项目；多次重复周期性单一动作；运动员克服自身体重以及人或器械与外部物体接触面的摩擦力而向前位移；追求技术、战术、心智等竞技能力发挥的自我稳定性；机体供能特点鲜明；属间接身体对抗；以分道竞速为主；注重自我发挥与表现；强调战术的原计划执行性。3、竞速运动在不同国家（地区）的发展水平有明显差异。美国、俄罗斯、英国、中国、法国、德国、加拿大等在综合实力上属于第一集团；韩国、日本、澳大利亚、意大利、西班牙等在综合实力上属于第二集团；牙买加、肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、摩洛哥等在田径单项上表现出色；瑞典、瑞士、挪威等在速度滑雪单项上具有强劲竞争力。4、依全程平均速度的快慢为标准，可将竞速运动划分为一级竞速、二级竞速、三级竞速三个大类；依运动距离为标准，可将竞速运动分为短距离竞速、中距离竞速、长距离竞速三个大类；依运动动力来源为标准，可将竞速运动分为自身动力竞速、混合动力竞速两个大类；依运动场地为标准可将竞速运动分为陆上竞速、水上竞速、冰雪竞速三个大类。5、各类竞速运动的制胜因素都包括运动员自身竞技能力、教练员水平、科技服务能力、医务保障水平、管理服务水平、竞赛结果评定、场地气候适应性、政策资金保障、服装设备科技含量、器材适应性、运动员膳食保障、对手影响等12项。其中，运动员自身综合的竞技能力是核心制胜因素。6、不同分群竞速运动的核心制胜因素又各自有着不同的侧重。一级竞速项目为运动员磷酸原供能、移动速度、快速力量、协调性、技术的规范娴熟性等；二级竞速项目为运动员糖酵解供能、速度耐力、快速力量耐力、技术的规范熟练与实效性结合等；三级竞速项目为运动员有氧供能、耐力素质、小负荷下的力量耐力、技术的实效性等。7、竞速运动总体集成的训练特征为：竞速运动项目的训练内容紧紧围绕着提高运动员竞速能力的需要而确定，专项训练方法较为集中，专项训练负荷量与训练强度的把握和竞技距离的长短密切相关，训练安排的重点在于力求使运动员的体能在大赛中处于理想状态。8、不同竞速运动有着鲜明的分群训练特征。一级竞速项目重在速度与快速力量训练，多采用重复训练法，负荷强度大，负荷时间短，运动员应在体力充沛、神经兴奋状态下进行专项训练；二级竞速项目重在速度耐力与快速力量耐力训练，多采用间歇训练法，负荷强度与量合理协调以负荷强度为主；三级竞速项目重在有氧耐力训练，多采用间歇训练法与持续训练法，负荷量大，重视运动员在身心疲劳状态下的长时间耐力素质训练。更多还原

【Abstract】 Racing sports is an important part of competitive sports. The results of racing sports have greatsignificance to evaluate the performance of comprehensive games. Its development also plays asupporting role in the development of other sports. To explore the common characteristics of racingsports can promote our understanding of its overall developing condition and make clear similaritiesand differences between different items in racing sports. It may provide clue to comprehensivemanagement of racing sports. It will also provide winning strategy and training philosophy forracing sports.Using the methods of literature retrieval, questionnaire investigation, expert interview, logicalinduction, mathematical statistics, video observation, case studies etc, the paper carries out researchon the winning factors, training characteristics of the racing sport etc, and draws the followingconclusions:1. Racing sports refers to the sports in that mobile speed of participants or game time is used asstandard of the results. The essence of racing sport is competition of athletes’ ability to move throughdifferent distances fast. In summer and Winter Olympic Games, racing sports accounted for about40%and60%respectively in total number of the minor events, being at the top of other varioussports. The competition results of the racing sports have great significance to evaluate thecomprehensive performance of the contestant.2. The overall characteristics of racing sports are as follows: using speed as evaluationstandards of the results; being individual competition mainly; belonging to physical fitness events;repeating periodical single action; athletes moving forward by overcoming their own weight andfriction between people or equipment and external object; pursuing stability of technology, tactical,mental ability; having distinctive characteristics in body energy supply; belonging to indirectphysical confrontation; mainly being race of separate tracts; focusing on self-performance;emphasizing execution of the original tactical plan. 3. The differences among the development of racing in various countries (regions) are obvious.America, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, China, Canada and other countries belong to the firstgroup in racing sports in terms of comprehensive strength; South Korea, Japan, Australia, Italy,Spain, Jamaica belong to the second group; Kenya, Ethiopia, Morocco and other countries do well inthe field of single athletics; Sweden, Switzerland, Norway and other countries are competitive inspeed skiing.4. According to average speed, racing sports can be divided into Level One, Level Two andLevel Three race. According to motion distance, racing sports can be divided into short, medium andlong distance race. According to the source of motion power, racing sports can be divided into selfpower and hybrid race. According to sports field, it can be divided into land, water and ice race.5. The winning factors of all racing sports include the following12aspects, namely thecompetitive ability of athletes, the level of coaches, the ability of science and technology service, thelevel of medical insurance, the level of management, the evaluation of competition results, theadaptability to field climate, the support of policy finance, the science and technology content ofclothing, the adaptability to equipment, the dietary guarantee of athletes and the influence ofopponents. Among them, athletes’ comprehensive competitive ability is the core winning factors.6. The core winning factors of different racing sports clustering have different focus. For LevelOne racing sports, they are athletes’ phosphate energy supply, moving speed, speed strength,coordination, technical specification, etc; For Level Two racing sports, they are athletes’ glycolysisenergy supply, speed endurance, speed strength endurance, combination of technical specificationand effectiveness, etc; For Level Three racing sports, they are athletes’ aerobic energy supply,endurance, strength endurance with low load, effectiveness of technology, etc.7. General integrated training feature of racing sports shows in the following aspects. Trainingcontent of racing sports is determined tightly around the need to improve the athletes’ racing ability.Methods of specific training are more concentrated. Load and intensity of specialized training areclosely related with race distance; Training arrangements focus on athletes in the ideal state duringthe game.8. Different clustering of racing sports has distinct characteristics. Level One racing sportsfocus on speed, speed strength training, repetition training, high load intensity, short load time,players having specialized training in good physical strength and exciting state; Level Two racing sports focus on the speed endurance and strength endurance training, the intermittent training, loadintensity; Level Three racing sports focus on aerobic endurance training, the intermittent training andcontinuous training, high training load, long time of endurance training in physical and mentalfatigues.更多还原