【作者】 陈志波；

【导师】 朱从兵；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 中国史， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 在中国近代民族国家的建构和发展过程中，社团不仅是一个重要的政治指标，也是一种重要的社会力量整合渠道。及至清末，随着中国近代社会的加速转型，新式社团发展迅猛，并对中国近代的政治、经济、社会、文化产生了较大影响。为了对新式社团形成制度性规范，自清末以来，清政府、北洋政府和南京国民政府均进行了不同程度的社团法制建设。以南京国民政府社团法制为主题进行研究，一方面是希望对南京国民政府时期社团法制的生成、体系、构成、内容和演变过程等作一较深入的探讨；另一方面，也可以从当时社团管理的政策法规中，了解国家的政治民主性、社会开放性以及国家对社会的管理和控制能力；再一方面，我们也可以通过研究法令规制下社团发展的实际情况，对当时社会力量的整合程度，社会组织的集体行动能力以及社会与国家的关系作出尽可能客观的评估。南京国民政府建立以后，在“以党治国”思想的指导下，为了重建社会秩序和社会生活，通过种种手段加紧对社会的控制和对社会组织的管理，希冀通过把社会生活结构化和把人们的行为标准化来达到社会的秩序化。当然，国民政府加强对民众团体的改组与法制建设还有其深刻的政治背景，在国民党由革命党向执政党转型以后，确立了训政体制，国民党与民众的关系已经由大革命时期的动员体制转变为建设时期的控制体制。在这一背景下，国民党对社团重新进行了制度约束和建构，力图建立在国民党和国民政府领导下的社团体系，以巩固国民党执政的社会基础。其中，通过制定相关社团政策和法令并加以实施，形成管控社团的法制框架，是南京国民政府力图控制社团、整合社会力量的重要途径。南京国民政府社团法制的生成进程主要分为起步期、密集期、稳定期、应急期、衰退期等五个时期，在体系、构成和内容上进行了比较系统的建设。在体系上，整个中央社团法制从立法学的角度来看基本包括宪法及宪法性文件，刑法、民法及其关系法，社团基本法，社团单行法，行政法规和规章、条例等五个层次；社团法制则主要由社团共同法令、职业团体法制、自由职业团体法制和社会团体法制四大部分构成；社团法制的内容较为庞杂，但包括了社团的设立及解散，社团的组织运作，社团的经费来源，社团的违法惩戒等基本内容。整个社团法制呈现出生成过程曲折，处于官方严格主导之下，立法环境的常态与非常态交织，法令成果多却内容庞杂简单等特点。在进行社团法制建设的同时，国民党和南京国民政府亦从社团管理主体层面不断强化社团法制的实施。一方面，社团法制作为国家控制社会制度设计的一个重要组成部分被有计划、有步骤地进行制订并加以执行；另一方面，经过国民党党部和政府的激烈争夺，在南京国民政府时期已经初步形成一个“党政合力”的社团管理体制。当然，在这一体制中，党部和政府对社团的具体监管方式和途径是有区别的。在国民党中央社会部改隶行政院之前，国民党党部掌控社团的领导权，这一领导权主要包括对社团的政治指导权，社团组织的选择权和许可权，社团负责人的派遣权，要求党员介入社团的日常活动，利用党团力量加强对社团的控制等；而政府方面则主要对社团行使监督之权责，其中包括登记备案权、监督权和业务指导权。相比于“政”对社团的监督和管理，“党”的渗透在总体上更有效、更根本，且途径更为复杂和隐秘。在国民党中央社会部改隶行政院之后，“党”对社团的管理职权逐渐向“政”发生让渡，国家对社团的监督和管理基本实现了行政化、专门化。国民党党部由原先的主导地位逐步退居辅助地位。对于社团自身的发展而言，南京国民政府时期社团法制对社团政治、经济和公益三大功能的规制作用十分明显。通过法令的调控，南京国民政府将各类社团纳入国家社团主义轨道，尤其是重要的社会群体和经济行业等都被组织成社团，接受国民党和国民政府的领导与监管，以利于进行社会政治动员，协助政府推行财经政令及经济统制，承担政府力所不及的公益事务等。从这一角度看，南京国民政府得以协调国家与社会之间以及社会各群体和行业之间的冲突，将组织化的社会群体能量引导到为国民党政府的“党国”目标服务之上。总之，南京国民政府时期的社团法制有其进步意义，通过社团法制建设及其实施，国家的目标虽然基本实现，社团的诉求也得到部分满足，但是由于国家的目标与社团的诉求并不完全一致，社团法制存在诸多局限，制约了社团的发展，最终也阻碍了国家与社会关系的协调发展。研究南京国民政府时期社团法制的得与失，也能为我们今天的社团法制建设提供了一些值得借鉴的经验和教训。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the process of the establishment and development of modern national state of China, theassociations have been not only important political indicators, but also are important key channels tointegrate social force. Until the late Qing Dynasty (1616A.D.-1912A.D.), with the acceleration of thetransformation of modern Chinese society, modern associations developed rapidly and had a greatinfluence on modern politics, economy, society and culture in China. In order to form systematicalnorms of new associations, the government of the Qing Dynasty, the Northern Government and theNanjing National Government carried out legal system construction of associations on varying degreessince the late Qing Dynasty. The thesis mainly focuses on the legal system of associations under thesupervision of Nanjing National Government for three purposes. First, it is aimed at an in-depth studyon the generation, system, structure, contents and evolution of legal system of associations under theNanjing National Government. Second, based on the policies and regulations of associationsmanagement at the time, we can understand the political democracy, social openness, and nationalcapabilities in social management and control in the country. Third, after researching the practicalsituation of association development under the legal regulations, we can make an objective assessmentas much as possible on the degree of integration of social forces the ability of collective action of socialorganizations and the relationship between society and the country at that time.After establishing Nanjing National Government, under the guidance of "Rule by a Political Party",the government intensified social control and management of social organizations by various means toreconstruct the social order and social life in the hope of building the orderly society throughstructuralization of social life and standardization of people’s behavior. Certainly, there was a profoundpolitical background behind Nanjing National Government’s strengthening the reconstruction and legalconstruction of civic groups. After the Kuomintang’s transforming from a revolutionary party to a rulingone and its establishing political tutelage system, the relationship between the Kuomintang and the masswas transformed from the mobilization system in the Great Revolution period to the control systemduring the construction period. In this context, the Kuomintang restrained regulation of associationsagain and reconstructed associations so as to establish an associational system under the rule of theKuomintang and Nanjing National Government to consolidate the social basis of the Kuomintang as aruling party. It was an important means for Nanjing National Government to controlling associationsand integrating social strength that it made and implemented relevant policies and acts of association toform the legal framework of controlling associations. The generation process of the legal system of associations under the Nanjing National Governmentwas mainly divided into five periods, that is, the initial period, the intensive period, the improvingperiod, the emergency response period and the decline period. The system, construction and content ofthe legal system of associations was established relatively systematically. From the perspective of theStudies of Legislation, the entire central legal system of associations basically included laws andregulations on five levels: the Constitution and the constitutional documents, the criminal law, the civillaw and the relations law, the basic law of associations, the special regulations of associations,administrative regulations administrative rules and regulations. The legal system of associations mainlyconsisted of the common acts of associations, legal system of professional associations, legal system offreelance associations and the legal system of social groups. The content of the legal system ofassociations was relatively multifarious and disorderly, but included the establishment and dissolution ofassociations, the organization and operation of communities, the funding sources of communities, thedisciplinary offense of associations etc. The entire legal system of associations had such characteristicsas having a tortuous generation process, being guided strictly by the government, being intertwined inthe normal and abnormal environment of legislation, and making many achievements in decree buthaving multifarious, disorderly and simple content.When constructing the legal system of associations, the Kuomintang and Nanjing NationalGovernment also strengthened the implementation of the legal system of associations in terms ofconsidering associations management as main body. On the one hand, the legal system of associationswas built and implemented in a planned and orderly way as an important part of the government’scontrolling social regulations. On the other hand, in the fierce battle between the Kuomintang and thegovernment, the management system of associations was established as the one of “the ruling party andgovernment working together” in the period of Nanjing National Government. It was no doubt that theruling party and the government had its own specific ways and means of supervising associationsrespectively. Before the central Social Department of the Kuomintang was made under the ExecutiveCouncil, the headquarter of the Kuomintang grasped the leadership of associations, which included theright to guide associations in political aspect, the rights to choose and approve associations, the right tosend the right person in charge of associations, the right to ask party members to get involved in thedaily activities of associations, take advantage of the force of the party and the league to strengthen thecontrol of associations etc., while the government mainly supervised the associations, including theregistration record right, the authority to supervise, the right to guide their operation. Therefore,compared with the government’s supervision and management of associations, the party had a moreeffective and fundamental influence on associations in more complex and secret ways. After the centralSocial Department of the Kuomintang was made under the Executive Council, the party gradually gaveits rights of association management to the government so that the government made the supervisionand management of associations administrative and specialized. Therefore, party headquarters of theKuomintang was gradually relegated to supplementary position from the original dominant position. In terms of the development of associations, the legal system of Nanjing National Government hadobvious influence on restraining the politics, economy and public welfare of associations. By regulatingand controlling regulations, Nanjing National Government made all kinds of associations involved innational corporatism. What’s more, it organized some important social groups and economic sectors intoassociations guided and supervised by the Kuomintang and Nanjing National Government so as toachieve social political mobilization, assist the government to carry out financial decrees and economiccontrol, undertake the public services beyond the capacity of the government etc. From this point ofview, Nanjing National Government managed to coordinate the conflict between the country and thesociety, between all social groups and industry, and guide the force of organized social groups to workfor the aim of “the ruling party and the government” of the Kuomintang.In conclusion, in the period of Nanjing National Government, the legal system of association hasits progressive significance. The national goals were achieved and the demands of associations werepartly satisfied by having establishing and implementing the legal system of associations. But thenational goals were not completely in accord with the demands of associations. As a result, the existenceof the legal systems of associations was greatly limited, which restricted the development ofassociations, and in consequence, the relationship between the government and the society failed todevelop harmoniously. Throug the study of profit and loss of the associations’ legal system underNanjing National Government，valuable experiences and lessons could be learned for the purpose of theassociations’ legal system in our cuontry today.更多还原