【作者】 罗泽荣；

【导师】 龙佳解；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 文化是一个具有丰富内涵的普遍性范畴,文化问题一直是马克思思想的重要关注对象,文化在他的学说尤其是哲学中占据着至为重要的地位,他的著述中包含着不少相关文化的思想理念,蕴含着研究文化的原则、立场和方法。马克思以唯物史观作为研究文化问题的方法论基础,从主体性文化概念出发建构了一种人本属性的实践文化观。马克思实践文化观认为,文化是人的实践活动创造的成果,是人的本质力量的对象化,文化构成了人历史地凝结成的稳定的生存方式和价值体系。文化批判就是在对文化本质和发展的一般规律把握的基础上,对特定文化体现的价值和理想进行的反思和批判。文化批判要改变的并不是社会政治经济架构本身,而是渗透入这些架构的文化意识形态,它不是直接改变社会,而是改变人——重塑人的精神向度、人格结构、思维方式、价值观念等等,特别是它期盼着人性本真的进化和回归。马克思学说的本质特征之一就是具有以人的实践的超越本性为核心的,自觉的历史性、实践性和批判性文化精神,马克思所有的理论批判和理论研究实际上构成了一种以人的实践为现实基础而说明人类社会的生成与分裂,以及扬弃这些分裂使人类获得解放的人类自我产生史的批判与重建。本文以“马克思文化批判理论”为研究论题,旨在立足于马克思经典著作文本,秉着“回到马克思”、“重读马克思”以及“与马克思对话”的科学态度,通过返本开新、现代诠释深入发掘一些新的理论洞见,从而建构一个比较完整的马克思文化批判理论阐释：一是深入探寻马克思文化批判的理论渊源。通过研究我们发觉马克思的文化批判思想正是对先前思想家批判智慧的继承和发展的结果,文艺复兴以来欧洲启蒙运动特别是英法启蒙思想家的批判意识、德国古典哲学的批判精神、西欧空想社会主义尤其是19世纪批判的空想社会主义等等共同构成了马克思文化批判的思想资源；二是综合概括马克思文化批判的主要方面和主要内容。通过认真研读文本,根据马克思批判思想发展脉络,遵循逻辑与历史的统一,我们认为宗教意识批判是马克思文化批判的逻辑起点和先导,“对宗教的批判是其他一切批判的前提”；哲学范式批判既是马克思文化批判的核心内容,更为马克思文化批判提供了思想基础和方法论指导,马克思实践哲学范式的确立启迪文化批判的切入点和落脚点都要立足于人的实践活动,关注人的生存、发展和价值；政治理念批判是对马克思文化批判理论的拓展,马克思对普鲁士君主专制国家、对黑格尔理性国家观以及现代资本主义国家的批判,对资本主义政治自由、平等、民主制度的批判,对资本主义社会“二元架构”的批判以及他的人类解放理论等等,都充分彰显了马克思深邃的政治文化智慧；经济生活伦理批判是马克思文化批判的逻辑深化,马克思通过对资产阶级国民经济学及其所信奉的价值观,尤其是对“劳动异化”和“拜物教”现象的批判,充分透视和全面展示资本主义经济活动所立足的经济伦理必然导致对人的生存和发展奴役的种种有悖人类道德的行径,并通过揭示其根源进而探寻了扬弃异化和物化的现实途径。立足实践关注人的生存和自由全面发展,是马克思文化批判的终极价值旨趣。马克思的文化批判理论就是从考察文化是人的生存方式、人与文化本质关系开始,深刻揭示出资本主义的各种文化异化形式是对资本主义真实本质的遮蔽,把文化批判作为对资本主义进行总体批判的重要组成部分,进一步分析资本主义文化异化产生的深层的经济根源和社会根源,从而指引无产阶级找到消除文化异化、实现人类解放和自由全面发展的现实道路。因此,马克思的文化批判理论,对于解决当代世界人类社会发展面临的文化困境、更好地推进中国特色社会主义文化建设,仍然具有重大的理论和现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Culture is general category with rich meanings, and always an important concern of Marx’s thought. Culture in his theory, especially in philosophy occupies a very important position, and there are many related ideas of culture, principles, position and method of culture study in his works. Based on his historical materialism as the methodology of research on cultural issues, Marx starts from the concept of cultural subjectivity to construct a practical concept of humanistic attribute. Marx’s practical concept thinks that culture is the creation fruit of human practical activities and people’s essential strength target. Culture constitutes and condenses into a stable living style and value system of people.Cultural criticism is to reflect and criticize specific culture value and ideals on the basis of the general rule of cultural essence and development. Cultural criticism is not to change the social political and economic framework itself, but to penetrate into the framework of cultural ideology. It is not to change the society directly, but to change people-reshaping people’s spirit, personality structure, way of thinking and values and so on. In particular, it looks forward to the evolution of the human nature and regression. One of the essential characteristics of Marx’s theory is to transcend nature as the core of people’s practice, consciously the historical, practical and critical cultural spirit. All of Marx’s theory of criticism and theory research in fact constituted a kind of based on human-based practice to explain the formation and division of human society and split, and to discard the division to gain history of human self criticism and reconstruction from human liberation.Based on the "Marxist cultural critique theory" as the research topic with Marx’s classic works, the paper uses scientific attitude of adhering to the "return to Marx","reread Marx" and "dialogue" with Marx. By opening a new, modern interpretation to explore some new theoretical insights deeply, so as to construct a more complete interpretation of Marxist cultural criticism theory:Firstly, to deep explore the theory origin of Marx’s cultural criticism. Through research, we can find that Marx’s cultural criticism idea is the results of the inheritance and development of previous thinkers’critical intelligence. Since the Renaissance, especially the British and French enlightenment thinkers of the enlightenment, the critical awareness, the critical spirit of German classical philosophy, Western Europe utopian socialism, especially the utopian socialism of the19th century criticism etc. All of these constitute resources of Marxist cultural criticism thought.Secondly, to summarize the main aspects and content of Marx’s cultural critique comprehensively. Through the study of text carefully, according to Marx’s critical thinking development and follow the unity of logic and history, we believe that the religious ideology criticism is the logic starting point and guide of Marx’s cultural criticism."Critique of religion is the precondition of all other criticism". Critique philosophy paradigm is the core content of Marxist cultural criticism and provides the ideological basis and methodological guidance of Marxist cultural criticism. The establishment of Marx’s practical philosophy paradigm to enlighten cultural critique of starting point and foothold should be based on people’s practice and pay attention to man’s survival, development and value. Critique of political philosophy is the development of Marxist cultural criticism theory. Marx’s criticisms to Prussia feudal autocracy, Hegel’s rational national view, modern capitalist countries, the capitalist political freedom, equality, and democracy, the capitalist society’s critique of the "dual structure" and his theory of human liberation and so on, are fully demonstrated Marx deep political culture and wisdom. Economic life ethical criticism is not only the logic of Marx’s cultural criticism deepening, but also indicates the reality of Marx cultural critique. Through the criticism of the espoused values of bourgeois national economics, especially for "alienation of labor" and "fetishism" phenomenon, Marx fully perspective and comprehensive display the capitalist economy activity is based on economic ethics and it will inevitably lead to people’s survival and development of slavery against human moral behavior. It can explore the subletting alienation and the reality of the physical and chemical ways though the reveals of the root.Focusing on the comprehensive development of people’s survival and freedom is the ultimate value of Max’s cultural criticism. Max’s cultural criticism theory is investigating from that culture is people’s survival way and the relationship between man and nature of culture. It profoundly reveals the various forms of cultural alienation of capitalism are the cover of the true nature of capitalism, treating the cultural criticism of capitalism as an important part of overall criticism to further analyze the deep alienation of capitalism’s culture economic root and social root, thus to guide the proletariat to find eliminate cultural dissimilation and the realization of the reality of human liberation and freedom comprehensive development path. Therefore, Marx’s theory of cultural criticism has important theoretical and practical significance on solving the predicament of culture in the contemporary human society around the world and better promoting the cultural construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics.更多还原