【作者】 罗明；

【导师】 柳肃；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 建筑设计及其理论， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 清代,湖南文教建筑(学宫和书院)得到前所未有的发展,不仅数量上达到四百多所,处于全国前列,而且类型齐全,极具地方特色,成为湖南清代教育和湖湘文化的历史见证,有较大的研究价值空间。但遗憾的是,多年来对它们全面系统地研究并不多,更为严重的是,当时多达400多所的文教建筑至今仅剩下残缺不全的35所(17所学宫和18所书院),因此选择本课题进行研究,力图为传承和发展文教建筑艺术形象中蕴含的文化精神及文化遗产的合理保护而敬献绵薄之力。本文基于对现存35处清代文教建筑的实地测绘图、摄录像和139张相关方志图,结合历史因素、自然因素、社会因素和文化因素四个方面,从官学和私学的角度,就发展历程、选址环境、功能布局、建筑形制和建筑装饰五个方面,研究湖南清代文教建筑独有的地域特色及其成因：在发展历程方面,分析出康熙二十年(1681年)至雍正末年(1735年)为湖南清代文教建筑数量最多、艺术成就最高的阶段；在选址环境方面,比较分析了湖南清代学宫选址与全国其它15省的相异之处,提出了以居于城市正中心为多的见解,书院选址则与全国书院大同小异；在功能布局方面,对全国学宫普遍以左庙右学为主和湖南学宫普遍以右庙左学的主因进行了剖析,对书院建筑则通过对各功能区及其庭院空间的量化分析,得出其以教学功能区为中心,对祭祀区的重视程度超过藏书区的结论；在建筑形制方面,则不局限于常见基本建筑类型,而增设较多祭孔乐舞仪式建筑,形成了丰富的建筑类型和形制；在建筑装饰方面,既反映出具有一定程式化的官式作法特点,又充分利用了湖南当地材料的质感和工艺特点进行艺术加工。以上五个方面就其本质而言,实际上已远远超出了建筑营造本身,而蕴含着更悠远的士文化精神和美学趣味,表达了以儒家思想为主体的中国传统文化意识,体现了湖湘文化不拘一格的创新精神。并以此为依据,形成了35份现状评估表和部分数字化信息管理档案,弥补了目前湖南清代文教建筑评估和数字化保护的不足。本文成果分六章阐述：第一、二章,探讨湖南清代特有的历史因素、自然因素、社会因素和文化因素对文教建筑形成与发展的影响；第三、四章,从发展历程、选址环境、功能布局、建筑形制和建筑装饰五个方面分别研究湖南清代学宫和书院建筑；第五章综合比较学宫和书院建筑的异同；第六章,提出科学保护和利用湖南清代文教建筑的思路和方法。全文正文约23万字,自绘自摄图片456幅,自绘图表51张。更多还原

【Abstract】 During the Qing dynasty (A.D.1644-1911), the educational buildings (i.e. Confucius temple-schools and academies of classical learning) in Hunan had got an unprecedented development. There once had been more than four hundreds of these buildings all over Hunan, which ranked top in the whole country quantitatively. Furthermore, various types and levels of sample buildings with typical local features can be easily found there. As time went by, they had become the historical witness of the development of Hunan’s education and culture during the Qing Dynasty and thus now deserves a higher research value. However, it is rather regretful that there are not too much comprehensive research have been done to them completely and systematically. More seriously, once over400of these education buildings had remained some fragmentary35(including17Confucius temple-schools and18academies of classical learning) hitherto. So the reason to have a study on such a subject is to inherit and develop the cultural spirit contained in the artistic image of the educational buildings and to make contribution to reasonable protection of cultural heritage.Based on field-surveying maps, video material and139pieces of pictures about the existing35education buildings of Qing Dynasty found in relevant local records, the author thoroughly took historical, natural, social and cultural factors into consideration. Having started from the perspectives of both official schools and private schools, the author analyzed from five aspects, i.e.:development history, site surroundings, functional layout, architectural shape and structure, architectural decoration. Thus, the author completed a research on Confucius temple-schools and academies of classical learning of Qing Dynasty in Hunan and probed their unique regional features and the cause of these features’formation.On development history, the thesis analyzed that the education buildings in Hunan formed a largest number in quantity and reached their highest artistic achievements during the era from1681to1735;On site surroundings, after comparing with the counterparts scattered in the other15provinces and finding the differences between them, the thesis proposed that the sites of Confucius temple-schools in Hunan usually located in the city center and that the site selection of all Chinese academies of classical learning are largely identical but with minor differences;On functional layout, the thesis analyzes the reason that why the layout of Confucius temple-schools (in which the temple located on right side while the school located on the left side) in Hunan is commonly opposite to that (in which the temple located on left side while the school located on the right side) of other Chinese provinces and makes a quantitative analysis of each functional zone and their courtyard space towards academies of classical learning, thus draws an conclusion that the ancient architects set the teaching zone as the centre and put more emphasis on sacrifice zone than on library zone;On architectural shape and structure, instead of being limited to the basic building types, these building were surrounded with many ceremonial architectures which provided a spot where people can performing dances accompanied by music for worshipping Confucius. Such essential architectures as bell and/or drum pavilion(or tower), dance pavilion and rituals&music stage altogether constitute an abundant system of architectural shape and structure;On architectural decoration, the thesis advocates that these building not only reflected the characteristic of partly stylized official practice but also made full use of texture of local materials and technological characteristics during the embellishing process.Actually, the above-mentioned five aspects has exceeded far more than architecture itself in essence. Moreover, these aspects contains a long-standing spirit of the elite culture and aesthetic interest, expresses the consciousness of traditional Chinese culture whose main body is Confucianism, and reflects the spirit of innovation of Hunan culture that follows no set form. On this basis, the thesis formed some35evaluation sheets of status quo and part of digitized information management files, and then filled the gap of assessment and digitization protecting towards the educational buildings of Qing Dynasty in Hunannowadays.This thesis can be divided into six chapters:In Chapter One and Chapter Two, the thesis discussed the five factors that affect the formation and development of the education buildings, i.e.:historical factor, natural factor, social factor and cultural factor;In Chapter Three and Chapter Four, the thesis explored the Confucius temple-schools and the academies of classical learning in Hunan Province built in the Qing Dynasty from five aspects, i.e.:development history, site surroundings, functional layout, architectural shape and structure, architectural decoration;In Chapter Five, the thesis made a comprehensive comparison between the Confucius temple-schools and the academies of classical learning, and summarized the similarities and differences of these two kinds of architectures;In Chapter Six, the thesis advocated some thoughts and methods on the scientific protection and utilization of the education buildings of Qing Dynasty in Hunan.The main body of this thesis sums up to240,000Chinese character, including456pieces of self-taken photos and self-drawn pictures,51self-drawn charts and6sorts of appendices.更多还原