【作者】 肖佳雷；

【导师】 赵明；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 作物学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本研究拟通过对黑龙江省78份大豆材料进行芽期和苗期抗旱鉴定与筛选,依据作物产量性能理论,重点对黑龙江省大豆抗旱品种和高产栽培模式下光合与产量性能指标定量化分析,研究产量性能定量方程主要参数变化特点、相互作用关系及其对产量形成的贡献；同时探讨化学调控和土壤深松对大豆光合指标、土壤指标及产量构成因素的影响。以期明确北方寒地大豆抗旱高产群体性能优化途径,进一步挖掘春大豆产量潜力。研究结果如下：1.利用20%PEG-6000溶液和干旱反复法分别对黑龙江省78份大豆材料进行芽期和苗期抗旱鉴定与筛选,结果表明：芽期耐旱(较耐旱)性品种主要集中在黑农号、绥农号、垦丰号、合丰号和龙小粒豆品种类型；苗期耐旱(较耐旱)品种主要集中黑河号、抗线号、合丰号、绥农号、黑农号；芽期和苗期共同耐旱品种有绥农30和合丰48；较耐旱品种为抗线7、黑农62、黑农65、龙小粒1号、绥农15、垦丰11。2.以筛选的黑龙江省7个大豆抗旱品种为试材,研究不同品种的单株叶面积、干物质积累、净同化率及产量构成因素的变化,结果表明：供试品种单株叶面积从苗期到鼓粒期逐渐增加,鼓粒期达高峰,此后呈下降趋势,品种间差异显著,其中合丰48叶面积最大为3264.1cm2,龙小粒1号最小为1426.3cm2；7个品种生长发育期净同化率呈“高低高”型变化规律,其中以黑农65在结荚期至鼓粒期时期最高为16.8g/(m2·d)；供试品种干物质积累从苗期到灌浆期逐渐增加,且不同品种间干物质积累差异达极显著水平,不同生育期品种干物质高低没有规律性；抗旱品种间粒数/株、百粒重、单株重及产量均达差异极显著水平,其中2011年黑农65产量最高,达2440.5kg/hm2其次为绥农30、垦丰11、抗线7,绥农15和龙小粒1号产量最低(1053kg/hm2)。以产量作为抗旱性衡量指标,黑农65和绥农30为抗旱高产品种,垦丰11为抗旱中产品种,抗线7、合丰48、绥农15及龙小粒1号为抗旱低产品种。3.研究六种栽培模式(常规垄作、垄三栽培、原垄卡种、大垄密植、小垄密植和平播密植)下大豆群体冠层结构特征,结果表明：小垄密植和大垄密植在不同生育时期表现群体叶面积各个方向分布均匀、叶面积指数较高(6.43-6.82)、平均叶倾角适宜(49.59°)、散射穿透系数(0.2)和直接辐射穿透系数较低(0.2)、消光系数较大,产量分别为3834.8kg/hm2和3451.2kg/hm2比对照(常规垄作)提高1.36倍和1.12倍,确定大垄密植、小垄密植可为黑龙江省大豆高产栽培主推模式。4.结合田间试验及“三合结构”理论,通过数据归一化处理,建立了适用于大豆的叶面积动态模拟的相对叶面积指数(LAI)动态模型,得到相对LAI动态模型曲线。本研究首次验证了大豆的叶面积动态模拟的相对叶面积指数(LAI)动态模型符合“三合结构”理论。模型的建立为大豆产量“三合结构”定量方程的参数的确定奠定了基础；同时,大豆群体生育期内的LAI模拟数据可作为判断大豆群体发展合理与否以及大豆群体性能优劣的理论依据。5.在作物产量分析“三合结构”模式二级结构层各因素的关系基础上,建立了大豆抗旱品种和不同高产栽培模式产量性能定量方程各参数之间的具体函数关系式及各参数之间的具体函数关系式。本研究中,抗旱品种光合参数和产量构成因素之间存在相关性,且有些指标间达显著或极显著相关。产量与MCGR极显著正相关,产量与TGN、和GN呈显著正相关,进一步表明产量主要决定于MCGR,其次为TGN和GN。即大豆抗旱高产品种主要通过提高MCGR促使单位面积TGN和GN增加的结果,以达到高产目标。不同栽培模式各光合参数与产量构成参数相关分析表明,Y与MLAI、MCGR、 EN、TGN、GW呈极显著正相关,Y与GN呈显著正相关表明,根据“三合结构”理论,在进行大豆高产品种栽培技术选择时,首先选择可提高MLAI、MCGR、EN、TGN、GW的栽培措施,然后在考虑提高GN的栽培措施。6.研究六种栽培模式(常规垄作、垄三栽培、原垄卡种、大垄密植、小垄密植和平播密植)、土壤深松和化控技术对土壤含水量、土壤容重及产量影响,结果表明,垄三栽培、原垄卡种和大垄密植模式、深松处理比对照(常规垄作)全生育期土壤含水量高0.76%-1.46%；土壤容重保持在0.90-1.33g/cm3,比对照降低0.1-0.2g/cm3；土壤水分利用率高低依次为小垄密植>大垄密植>原垄卡种、平播密植、垄三栽培>常规垄作,分别为1.3‰、1.2‰、1.1‰及1.0‰；产量/m2水平为小垄密植>大垄密植>原垄卡种>平播密植>垄三栽培>常规垄作(对照),分别比对照增产1.36倍、1.12倍、79.4%、50.1%和14.7%；深松和化控分别比常规垄作(对照)增产25.5%和15.2%。7.以黑龙江省大豆高产区的大垄密植和垄三栽培模式为基础,综合分析两种高产模式下早熟和中熟大豆品种产量构成因素特征及北方寒地大豆高产地区大豆高产实践中存在的突出问题,探讨了大豆产量变化中的易变因素和实现产量突破的可能方向,提出了北方寒地春大豆进一步高产的关键是：品种具有抗逆、耐密矮杆抗倒性,以窄行密植栽培模式为主,增加群体收获株数,土壤深松和化学调控农艺措施为辅,重点降低大豆落花落荚数,保证单株有效粒数,实现株数和单株粒数同步提高是进一步高产的重要途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 Proposed by this study of Heilongjiang province78portion soybean materials for bud and seedling drought resistance identification and selection. Based on the theory of "three and structure", one focus of Heilongjiang province soybean drought types and high-yield cultivation mode of yield and photosynthetic performance indicators quantitative analysis. Research the characteristic of change of main parameter of production performance quantitative equation, interactions and its contribution to the yield formation. And discusse the effects of photosynthesis, soil index and yield components in chemical regulation and soil deep loosening of soybean. In order to clear the north cold and drought resistance and high yield soybean group performance optimization approaches. Further excavate the spring soybean yield potential. The results are as follows:1.20%respectively using PEG-6000solution and method of repeated drought of78portion soybean materials in Heilongjiang province for bud and seedling drought resistance identification and selection. The result showed that bud drought (the drought-tolerant) is mainly concentrated in the heinong, suinong, ken fung, hefeng and longxiaolidou varieties types. Seedling drought resistance varieties are mainly concentrated in heihe, kangxian, hefeng, suinong, heinong varieties types. Bud and seedling drought resistance varieties are suinong30and hefeng48. The drought-tolerant cultivars are tokangxian7, heinong62, heinong65, longxiaolil, suinongl51and Kenfeng11.2. Use seven soybean drought resistance varieties filtered in heilongjiang province as test materials, studied different kinds of plant leaf area. Dry matter accumulated and net assimilation rate and yield components. The results showed that the leaf area per plant were increased from seedling stage to drum grains gradually, drum period of peak, then a downward trend, the significant difference between varieties, hefeng48maxim leaf area of3264.1cm2, longxiaolil is1426.3cm2. Seven varieties are developing the net assimilation rate change rule is "high level" type. heinong65with black farmers in podding stage to drum grain stage period up to16.8g/(m2·d). Dry matter accumulation of varieties tested were gradually increased from seedling stage to filling stage, and dry matter accumulation amount to a significant difference between different varieties. Different growth period varieties has no regularity of dry matter. Drought-resistant varieties grain number per plant and hundred grain weight, weight per plant and yield were extremely significant difference of level. Heinong65yield was highest in2011, up to162.7kg/亩.followed by suinong30, Kenfeng11, kangxian7, suinong15. The lowest yield is longxiaolil (70.2kg/亩). Yield and drought resistance as the measure, the result shows heinong65, suinong30and Ken feng11for drought resistance and high yield varieties.kangxian7, hefeng48and suinongl5for drought-resistant varieties of middle region agriculture.longxiaolil for drought-resistant varieties of low yield.3. The study of six kinds of cultivation mode (ORP, TPCR, ORCP, BRHD, SRHD, FPHD)peace of soybean canopy structure characteristics. The results show that the small ridge planting density and big ridge performance in different growth period population leaf area distributed evenly in all directions, high leaf area index (6.43-6.82), mean leaf Angle is appropriate (49.59°), the penetration coefficient (0.2) and the direct of scattering radiation penetration coefficient is lower (0.2), the extinction coefficient is larger. Yields were3834.8kg/hm2, and3451.2kg/hm2, than controls (normal)) increased by1.36times and1.12times. The big ridge planting density, small ridge can be applied for high yielding cultivation patterns in heilongjiang province.4. Combined with field experiment and the "three combination structure" theory, through the data normalization process, the establishment of suitable soy leaf area dynamic simulation of relative leaf area index (LAI) dynamic model. Through the days of LAI and emergence to maturity normalized processing, respectively namely the biggest LAI (LAImax) and the whole growth period (emergence to mature) days as1.Reproductive period with soybean LAI value of each period and the period the number of days from the seedling stage respectively divided by LAImax and the number of days in the whole stages, for each period corresponding relative LAI (range of [0,1]) and relative time (the range [0,1]). With relatively LAI (y) and relative time (x) as a parameter simulation, get relatively LAI dynamic model y=(a+bx)/(1+cx+dx2). This model since seedling stage can be according to the determination of leaf area data throughout the reproductive period of soybean LAI dynamic change are accurately simulated. Using this model can estimate the soybean childbearing period the average gross LAI and photosynthetic potential. At each time point and LAI and photosynthetic potential at any period of time; Combined with field investigation data, also available during soybean growth of average net assimilation rate and the average production of soybean growth rate and other important physiological parameters related. This is the first study to validate the soybean leaf area dynamic simulation of relative leaf area index (LAI) dynamic model in line with the "three combination structure" theory. The establishment of the model for soybean production "three combination structure" the determination of quantitative equations of parameters laid a foundation. At the same time, the soybean population childbearing period LAI analog data can be used as judgment soybean group development is reasonable or not and the theory basis of group performance.5." Three combination structure " mode in crop yield analysis secondary structure based on the relation of the factors, established the drought-resistant varieties and different cultivation mode of high yield soybean quantitative equation " three combination structure ", a specific function relation between the parameters and the specific function of relation between each parameter. In this study, drought-resistant varieties photosynthetic parameters and the correlation between yield components, and some indicators of significant or extremely significant correlation. Production apart from EN was not significant and negative correlation with MLAI correlation is not big. The production and MCGR, HI, MNAR was a positive correlation. The TGN and designed. The GN and GW, and yield mainly depends on the MCGR, HI, followed by MNAR, TGN and GW. The drought resistance and high yield soybean varieties mainly by improving the MCGR prompted the TGN per unit area increased as a result, a higher harvest index, in order to achieve high goals. The cultivation mode of different photosynthetic parameters related to the parameters of yield components analysis show that Y and MLAI, MCGR, EN were very significant positive correlation, the TGN, GW, but no significant designed. The GN and positive correlation; MCGR with EN, TGN and GW reached extremely significant positive correlation, and designed. The GN show no significant positive correlation; HI and MNAR, EN, the TGN show no significant negative correlation. EN were very significant positive correlation with the TGN and GW. Designed the GN were very significant positive correlation with GW. Show that according to the three combination structure theory, the soybean high yield breeding and cultivation technology choice, can choose high MLAI, MCGR, EN, TGN, GW and lower HI index. MLAI soybean production performance quantitative equation MLAIxD xMNARxHI=ENxGN×GW is designed. The GN group parameters and yield formation of the quantitative relationship, clear key restrictive factors of increase production and crop production technical guidance control of provides the certain theory basis and data support.6. Study six kinds of cultivation mode (ORP, TPCR, ORCP, BRHD, SRHD, FPHD) peace, soil deep loosening and control techniques of soil water content, soil bulk density and yield influence. Results show that the TPCR, ORCP and BRHD deep loosening treatment than in control (ORP) high soil moisture content of0.76%to1.46%in the whole stages; Keep the soil bulk density in0.90to1.33g/cm3, compared with0.10.2g/cm3, and reduce Soil water use efficiency high and low respectively the SRHD> BRHD> ORCP. FPHD, TPCR> ORP), were1.3‰,1.2‰,1.1‰and1.0‰; Production/m2level for SRHD> BRHD> ORCP> FPHD> TPCR> ORP, the increase in production, respectively1.36times,1.12times and79.4%,50.1%and14.7%;Compared with ORP, Deep loosening and chemical treatment the yield increased by25.5%and15.2%(control) respectively.7. On the basis of BRHD and TPCR in heilongjiang province soybean cultivation mode of high yield and planting area, comprehensive analysis of two kinds of early maturity and mid-maturity yield components and cold northern soybean high yield of problems existing in the practicein soybean high yield area. Probes into the soybean yield change of variable factors and the possible direction of a breakthrough in production. Proposed the northern cold spring soybean high yield is the key to further:varieties have adversity resistance, densely short rod and lodging resistance art, give priority to with the cultivation mode of planting narrow line, increase the group number. Agronomic measures, soil deep loosening and chemical regulation focus on reduce the fallen petal fall soybean pod number. Guarantee the effective grain number per plant, grain number per plant and number of the synchronous improve is an important way of promoting the further high yield.更多还原