【作者】 程存刚；

【导师】 吕德国；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 果树学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 我国苹果园大多分布在缓坡丘陵地,土壤有机质含量低,特别是有机肥逐年减少,连年大量施用化肥等一系列不合理的土壤管理措施,导致土壤肥力持续下降,降低了产量,影响了果实品质,严重地制约着苹果产业的健康发展。本研究通过系统比对相同土质的自然土壤、农田土壤和果园土壤有机质组分的动态变化、有机质的合成与分解、土壤微生物种群结构、土壤理化性状和酶活性的变化规律,探讨不同耕作模式下上述各个因子的变化特征,了解自然土壤与耕作土壤、果园土壤与大田土壤有机化过程的差异,分析其动力因子的核心,通过各种人为措施对土壤环境进行有目的的调控,明确果园土壤对人工调控措施的响应机制,从有机质行为的角度评价现有果园土壤管理制度的科学性与弊端,并提出果园土壤培肥的技术策略,为渤海湾北部苹果园土壤管理提供理论和技术支持。主要研究结果如下：1.土地利用方式对渤海湾北部苹果园土壤有机化过程的影响研究表明：土地利用方式对土壤蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和中性磷酸酶活性影响显著,而对纤维素酶和脲酶的影响未达到显著水平。土壤酶活性均随着土层深度的增加而递减,沿土层深度的变异程度依次为自然土壤>果园土壤>农田土壤。果园土壤的有机质及N、P、K含量介于农田土壤和自然土壤之间,果园土壤的全K含量高于农田和自然土壤,果园0cm-10cm土层速效K含量高于其他两种土地利用方式。果园土地利用方式显著改变了微生物在土壤中的空间分布状况,0cm-10cm土层,果园土壤微生物的丰富度指数(S)和多样性指数(H)均显著高于农田土壤和自然土壤。糖类和多聚类是区分土地利用方式土壤微生物群落功能差异的主要碳源。土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量及腐殖质组分胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(HM)以农田土壤最高,自然土壤最低,而富里酸(FA)在各土层中的分布差异较大。蔗糖酶、p-葡萄糖苷酶、脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性分别与SOC、HA、FA和HM呈显著正相关。纤维素酶活性则与SOC、HA、FA和HM呈负相关。土壤微生物的平均孔颜色变化率(AWCD)、丰富度指数(S)、多样性指数(H)和优势度指数(Ds)分别与SOC、HA、FA和HM呈正相关。纤维素酶、脲酶与土壤全K极显著正相关,蔗糖酶与土壤全N、速效N、全P、速效P、速效K存在极显著正相关,p-葡萄糖苷酶与土壤速效N极显著正相关,与全N、全K、速效K显著正相关；土壤中有机碳与全N存在极显著正相关,与速效N、全P、速效K显著正相关；胡敏素与土壤全N、速效N、全P、速效K显著正相关。2.不同土壤管理制度对渤海湾北部苹果园土壤有机化过程的影响研究表明：覆盖枝条与杂草均能提高苹果园土壤的养分水平和碳库质量,但覆盖枝条比杂草更有助于土壤碳库的稳定性。与秸秆和杂草相比,枝条处理土壤有机碳和胡敏素含量的增加更为显著,枝条回田将成为实现果园内部物质循环的途径之一3.不同有机物料对渤海湾北部苹果园土壤有机化过程的影响研究表明,羊粪处理的纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及碱解N、速效P和速效K含量最高,其次为稻壳；磷酸酶活性以稻壳处理最高。同一处理室内培养、盆栽处理和大田试验结果存在差异。盆栽试验全N和全P含量以豆秸处理最高,稻壳处理的有机质含量最高；大田试验中,玉米秸处理的全N含量最高,稻壳处理的全P含量最高,豆秸处理的全K含量最高。不同有机物料处理明显提高了苹果植株各器官的营养物质积累水平。其中以羊粪处理提升作用最明显,其次为稻壳处理。4.添加小分子有机物和蚯蚓对渤海湾北部苹果园土壤有机化过程的影响研究表明,添加葡萄糖和蚯蚓,微生物的功能多样性、土壤纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、β葡萄糖苷酶活性显著增加,促进了土壤有机碳库的稳定性。尿素和葡萄糖同时添加有助于微生物多样性和土壤腐殖质含量的增加。小分子有机物和蚯蚓数量均对土壤微生物的AWCD值影响显著,对碳源利用主成分起分异作用的主要是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。加入葡萄糖为土壤微生物提供可迅速利用的碳源,微生物功能多样性显著增加,蚯蚓活动加速了有机碳源的转化,提高了土壤碳库的活性和稳定性。小分子有机物种类和蚯蚓数量对山定子的长势均有显著影响。只添加葡萄糖处理山定子的长势最弱,光合性能降低,植株缺N,同时添加尿素改善植株光合能力,促进山定子的生长。蚯蚓活动提高了山定子植株对水分和N、P、K养分的利用,促进了山定子植株的植株高度、干粗及叶片数的增加。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese apple orchards are mostly distributed in the hilly slope lands. Where the content of soil organic matter is low, especially a series of unreasonable soil management measures such as organic fertilizer deficit and excessive application of chemical fertilizer year after year, which resulted in declining of soil fertility, yields and fruit quality. The healthy development of apple industry was restricted seriously. In this study, the dynamic change of SOM, synthesis and decomposition of organic matter, soil microbial population structure, soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzymes activities of orchard soil, field soil and undisturbed soil from same parent soil material were compared to discuss the change characteristics of these factors under different cultivation mode, find the differences of soil system organification process of different land use pattern and analyze the core of power factor. Soil environment was regulated purposefully by artificial measures in order to identify the response mechanism of orchard soil on the artificial control measures. The science and disadvantages of existing organic orchard soil management system were evaluated from the perspective of organic matter behavior. The technology strategy orchard soil fertility were put forward, which provide theoretical and technical support for apple orchard soil management in northern Bohai Bay.The main results were as follows:1.The effect of different land use pattern on soil system organification process showed that:The soil invertase,β-glucosidase and neutral phosphatase activity significantly affected by different land use patterns, while the cellulase and urease activities did not reach a significant level. Soil enzyme activities were decreased with soil depth increasing, the order of variation along soil depth was natural soil>orchard orchard>field soil. Orchard soil organic matter and N, P, K content ranged between field soil and natural soil, the total potassium content of orchard soil was higher than that in farmland and natural soil, potassium content of0-10cm layer in orchards soil was higher than the other two land use patterns. Spatial distributions of microbes in soil were significantly affected by the mode of land use in orchards. Richness index (S) and diversity index (H) of orchard soil microbes were significantly higher than that of field soil and natural soil in0to10centimeter topsoil. It was found that carbohydrate and polymers carbon are the main carbon source to find the functional differentiation of soil microbial communities under different land use patterns Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and humus fractions HA and HM was highest in farmland soil and lowest in undisturbed soil, while the distribution of the FA in different soil layers was quite different. Cellulase and urease had extremely significantly positive correlation with soil total potassium. Sucrase had extremely significantly positive correlation with soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium. β-glucosidase had extremely significantly positive correlation with available nitrogen, while had significantly positive correlation with total nitrogen, total potassium, available potassium. Soil organic carbon had extremely significantly positive correlation with total nitrogen, while had significant positive correlation with available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium. Humic had significant positive correlation with soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium.2. The effect of different soil management on soil system organification process showed that:Covering branches and weeds improved the apple orchard soil nutrient levels and the quality of carbon pools, however, covering branches had more contribution than covering weeds to the stability of the soil carbon pool. Compared with crop stalks and weeds, branch treatment significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon and humin, which provided a strong guarantee for the realization of material circulation inside orchards.3. The effect of different soil organic materials on soil system organification process in northern Bohai Bay showed that:the cellulose, invertase, catalase activity and nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium content were highest in sheep dung treatment, followed by rice shell treatment. Phosphatase activities of rice husk were the highest. The results of same treatment in indoor cultivation, processing and field trials pot were varied. For pot experiment, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content of soybean straw treatment was the highest, while the content of organic matter were higher in rice husk. For field trials, the nitrogen content of corn stalk treatment were the highest, total P content of rice husk treatment was the highest, total K content of soybean treatment was the highest. Different organic materials significantly increased nutrients accumulation level in different organs of apple plant. Among them, sheep dung treatment had the best effect on nutrients accumulation, followed by rice husk treatment.The effect of adding small organic molecules and earthworms on soil system organification process sin northern Bohai Bay showed that:After adding the small molecules of glucose and earthworm, microbial functional diversity, the activity of soil cellulase, invertase and β-glucosidase significantly increased, at the same time, improved the activity and stability of the soil carbon pool. It could make a contribution to increasing the soil humic content and microbial functional diversity while adding urea and glucose at the same time. Average Well Color Development (AWCD) values were significantly affected by small molecular organic compounds and numbers of earthworms. It was found that the differentiations of carbon utilization were mainly caused by carbohydrate and polymers carbon. The addition of glucose provided more available carbon sources for the soil microbes, as a result, the microbial functional diversity also had significant increase.The earthworm activities accelerated the soil organic pool transformation, and improved the activity and stability of the soil carbon pool. Small organic molecules and numbers of earthworms had a significant effect on the growing of Malus Baccata Borkh.. The vigor of Malus Baccata Borkh. was the weakest after adding only the glucose treatment, at the same time, photosynthetic performance and nitrogen content was degraded, while, at the same time, adding urea could improve plant photosynthetic capacity, and promote the growth of Malus Baccata Borkh.. Earthworm activities increased utilization of plants for moisture and nutrients (N, P, and K), promoted the increasing of plant height, leaf number and stem diameter.更多还原