【作者】 郑伟；

【导师】 谢甫绨；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 作物学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本研究以黑龙江省不同年代育成的5个代表性大豆品种为试材,在干旱、渍水、肥料和栽培密度处理下,测定了植株的形态和生理指标,探讨了不同年代育成大豆品种抗旱性、耐涝性、需肥性和耐密性的遗传改良趋势,试图为广适应性大豆品种的选育和高产栽培提供理论依据。1.干旱胁迫对不同年代育成品种的影响干旱胁迫下,不同年代育成品种株高、单株叶面积、叶色值、净光合速率和单株粒重呈降低趋势；随着品种育成时间的推移,不同年代育成品种株高、单株叶面积、叶色值和净光合速率降低百分率均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。轻度干旱条件下,不同年代育成品种根体积、根表面积和根干重均呈增加趋势；随着育成时间的推移,根体积、根表面积和根干重增加百分率呈现高-低-高的变化趋势；重度干旱条件下呈现相反的变化趋势。开花期轻度干旱条件下不同年代育成品种根系活力增加百分率呈先降低后升高的趋势,重度干旱条件下呈相反的变化趋势；鼓粒期不同干旱胁迫条件下,不同年代育成品种根系活力降低百分率呈先升高后降低的趋势。开花期干旱处理会使冠根比降低,鼓粒期干旱处理则会增加冠根比；干旱胁迫条件下,不同年代育成品种冠根比降低或增加的百分率呈现先升高后降低的趋势。干旱胁迫下,开花期和鼓粒期不同年代育成品种叶片MDA和可溶性糖含量均呈增加趋势,随着品种育成时间推移MDA和可溶性糖含量增加百分率呈现先升高后降低的趋势。轻度干旱胁迫下,开花期和鼓粒期不同年代育成品种POD含量呈增加趋势；重度干旱条件下则呈降低趋势。随着品种育成时间推移POD含量增加百分率呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。以上各性状,除开花期株高和重度干旱条件下的单株叶面积变化率与品种育成年代相关不显著外,其它性状增加或降低百分率与品种育成年代相关均达到显著或极显著水平。综上所述,无论从植株形态指标和生理指标的变化规律均可以看出,不同年代育成品种抗旱能力随着品种育成育成年代的推移表现为先降低后升高的趋势,说明,最近10年大豆育种家比较注重抗旱品种的选育。2.渍水胁迫对不同年代育成品种的影响开花期和鼓粒期受渍水胁迫的影响,不同年代育成品种的株高、单株叶面积、叶色值、净光合速率、根体积、根表面积、根干重、冠根比、根系活力和单株粒重均呈降低趋势；随着品种育成年代推进以上性状降低百分率,均表现为先降低后升高的趋势；并与品种育成年代相关达到显著或极显著水。开花期和鼓粒期渍水胁迫处理下,不同年代育成品种MDA含量均呈增加趋势,随着品种育成时间推移MDA含量增加百分率呈现先降低后升高的趋势；POD含量和可溶性糖含量均呈增加趋势,随着品种育成时间推移POD和可溶性糖含量增加百分率呈现先升高后降低的趋势；以上性状增加或降低百分率与品种育成年代相关均达到显著或极显著水平。综上所述,从植株形态和生理指标的变化规律可以看出,不同年代育成品种的耐涝能力随着品种育成年代的推移表现为先升高后降低的趋势。3.施肥水平对不同年代育成品种的影响随着磷酸二铵施用量的增加叶片的光合速率较对照有逐渐升高趋势,从R2期到R6期变化幅度逐渐明显,新品种升高幅度高于老品种,不同施肥量处理与品种育成年代的相关性均达到了显著或极显著水平。单株叶面积随着施肥量增加较对照有不同程度的提高,R2中等施肥量期在中等施肥量下不同品种育成年代间变化差异不明显,高施肥量下1985s品种和2005s品种升高幅度较大,但与品种育成年代相关性未达到显著水平；R4期不同施肥量处理变化趋势一致,高施肥量条件下升高幅度较大,与品种育成年代相关性达到极显著水平；R6期随着年代推进不同施肥量处理下逐渐升高,：高施肥量和中施肥量下与品种育成年代相关性达到显著或极显著水平。叶色值,根瘤数,根瘤鲜重及干重随着施肥量增加较对照有不同程度的升高,从R2期到R6期高肥力条件下升高幅度大于中等施肥量条件,并随着育成年代的推进升高幅度逐渐增加,均与品种育成年代相关性达到显著或极显著水平。根体积,根表面积,根鲜重及干重随着施肥量增加较对照有不同程度的升高,随着育成年代推进,新品种在不同时期高施肥量条件下较对照升高幅度较大,老品种则在低肥力条件下较对照升高幅度较大,不同施肥量条件下均与品种育成年代相关性达到显著或极显著水平。冠根比随着施肥量增加较对照有不同程度的变化,R2与R4期中等施肥量条件下冠根比较对照减少,高施肥量条件下较对照升高,R6期除1985s育成品种中肥力条件下较对照减少外,其余处理均较对照有不同程度的提高,不同处理与品种育成年代相关性达到显著或极显著水平。单株粒重随着施肥量增加较对照有不同程度的增加,总体上中等施肥量条件下增加幅度高于高施肥量条件,并与品种育成年代相关性达到显著或极显著。综上所述,随着磷酸二铵施用量的增加,不同年代品种各性状均较不施肥处理有不同程度的提高,不同年代间品种高施肥量条件下有利于大豆叶面积、叶色值、光合速率和根瘤的形成；新品种的根体积,根表面积,根鲜重和干重等性状在高施肥量条件下较高,而老品种在中等施肥量条件下较高；中等施肥量下冠根比低于对照,高施肥量条件下略有升高；单株粒重随着育成年代逐渐提高,中等施肥量条件下升高幅度大。4.种植密度对不同年代育成品种的影响随着种植密度的增加,V5期和R2期不同年代育成品种叶面积指数呈增加趋势,V5期增加百分率随着品种育成时间的推移呈先升高后降低的趋势,R2期在种植密度为30.0万株/hm2和37.5万株/hm2条件下,增加百分率随着品种育成时间的推移呈先升高后降低的趋势和先降低后升高的趋势；R4期随着种植密度的增加,不同年代育成品种叶面积指数除1985s和2005s品种在30.0万株/hm2时略有增加,其它年代品种均呈降低趋势,在种植密度为30.0万株/hm2和37.5万株/hm2条件下,降低百分率随着品种育成时间的推移呈先升高后降低的趋势；R6期随着种植密度的增加,不同年代育成品种叶面积指数均呈降低趋势,在种植密度为30.0万株/hm2和37.5万株/hm2条件下,降低百分率随着品种育成时间的推移呈先升高后降低的趋势。不同种植密度条件下,倒伏程度和上部冠层1-5片叶叶柄长度在30.0万株/hm2和37.5万株/hm2时与22.5万株/hm2比较,增加百分率均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并与品种育成年代相关达到极显著水平。种植密度为30.0万株/hm2和37.5万株/hm2条件下净光合速率、叶色值、冠根比和伤流液重量呈降低趋势,随着品种育成时间的推移,净光合速率、叶色值、冠根比和伤流液重量降低百分率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,与品种育成年代相关达到显著或极显著水平。种植密度为30.0万株/hm2和37.5万株/hm2条件下籽粒产量增加百分率和最大种植密度,随着品种育成时间的推移呈现先升高后降低的趋势和先降低后升高的趋势；并与品种育成年代相关均达到显著水平。不同年代育成品种之间和不同种植密度处理之间蛋白质和脂肪含量差异均达到了极显著。不同年代育成品种在30.0万株/hm2和37.5万株/hm2条件下,随着品种育成时间的推移蛋白质含量呈增加趋势,脂肪含量呈降低趋势；蛋白质含量增加百分率和脂肪含量降低百分率与品种育成年代相关均达到显著水平。综上所述,从冠层结构、光合生理、冠根比、伤流液重量、籽粒产量、品质含量等性状的变化规律可以看出,不同年代育成大豆品种耐密性的变化规律呈强-弱-强的单峰曲线。更多还原

【Abstract】 Five representative soybean varieties released in different years in Heilongjiang province were used as the experimental materials under the treatments of drought stress, waterlogging stress, fertilizer levels and different planting densities. The plant morphological and physiological traits were measured as for the analysis of genetic improvement of drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, the fertilizer resistance and seeding rate resistance.Try to provide a scientific basis to the development of widely adapted soybean cultivar and soybean high-yield production management.1Effect of drought stress on soybean varieties released in dif ferent yearsIt showed a lower trend of plant height, leaf area per plant, the leaf color, net photosynthetic rate and single grain yield on drought stress in different years and along with the changing years, the plant height, leaf area per plant, the leaf color and net photosynthetic rate reduction rate rose first and fell later during the whole growing period.The root volume, root surface and root dry weight of soybean cultivars released in different years showed rise trend under light drought treatment and along with the changing years the adding percent showed high-low-high trend. Under heavy drought treatmen were the opposite. The root vigor of soybean cultivars released in different years increasing percentage fell first and rose later at flowering stage under light drought treatment and under the heavy drought treatment were the opposite, the root vigor falling percentage rose first and fell later at seed filling stage under different drought. The drought treatment made shoot/root reduced at flowing stage but the result opposite at seed filling stage. It showed a rose first and fell later trend of the shoot/root felling or adding percentage in different years under drought stress.The MDA and soluble sugar contents of leaf of soybean cultivars released in different years showed increasing trend at flowering stage and seed-filling stage under drought stress. The increment percent of MDA and soluble sugar contents rose first and fell later with cultivars released years, and which reached significant correlation with years. The POD contents of soybean varieties released in different years showed increasing trend at flowering stage and seed-filling stage under light drought stress, while it appeared declining trend under heavy drought treatment. The adding percent of POD contents appeared rose first and fell later with varieties released years, and which reached significant correlation with years.All above traits felling or adding percentage showed the significant correlation with years release except the changes rate of plant height at flowering stage and single grain yield under the heavy drought treatment.In conclusion, the change trend of plant morphology trait and physiology trait declared that the drought resistant ability of soybean varieties released in different years showed fell first and rose later with varieties released years developing. The result indicated that soybean breeder payed attention to drought-resistant variety the last ten years.2Effect of waterlogging stress on soybean varieties released in different yearsIn the case of waterlogging stress at flowering stage and seed-filling stage, the plant height, leaf area per plant, the leaf color, net photosynthetic rate, root volume, root dry weight and shoot/root were appeared a declined trend. The falling percent of above traits fell first and rose later with varieties released years, and which reached the significant correlation with years release.The MDA contents of soybean cultivars released in different years showed increasing trend at flowering stage and seed-filling stage under waterlogging stress. The adding percent of MDA contents appeared fell first and rose later with cultivars released years, and which reached significant correlation with years. The POD and soluble sugar contents of soybean varieties released in different years showed increasing trend at flowering stage and seed-filling stage under waterlogging stress. The increment percent of POD and soluble sugar contents rose first and fell later with varieties released years, and which reached the significant correlation with years release.In conclusion, the change trend of plant morphology trait and physiology trait declared that the waterlogging resistant ability of soybean varieties released in different years showed rose first and fell later with varieties released years developing.3Effect of fertilization level on soybean varieties released in different yearsThe leaf photosynthetic rate was increased with DAP application amount adding, especially in R2to R6.The ascending range of new cultivar was higher than that of old variety, while there existed a significant correlation between fertilization level and varieties released years.The leaf area per plant was increased with DAP application amount. There existed unconspicuous difference in varieties released in different years under medium fertilization level at R2, while the ascending range of leaf area of1985s and2005s cultivars was larger but appeared unremarkable difference. The variation tendency of leaf area was accordance under different fertilizer treatments at R4, and the ascending range was larger under high fertilization level which appeared a significant correlation with varieties released years. It showed a rose curve of leaf area with years advanced under different fertilization levels at R6, which attained obviously correlation with varieties released years under medium fertilization level and high fertilization level.The leaf greenness, nodule number and nodule weight were increased with DAP application amount. Rose range of those at high fertilizer amount was higher than that at medium fertilization level from R2to R4, which showed increased trend with released year advanced, and there existed a significant correlation with varieties released years.The root volume, root surface, root fresh weight and dry weight were increased with DAP application amount adding, and compared with check, those of new cultivar increased great under high fertilization level, also older cultivar under low fertilizer amount. There existed a significant correlation between fertilization level and varieties released years.The shoot/root was changed with fertilizer amount added, which declined under medium fertilization level and increased under high fertilization level from R2to R4compared with control. The shoot/root of varieties was improved compared with check except the cultivar which released in1985s under medium fertilization level at R6, while there existed a significant correlation between different treatments and varieties released years.The seed weight per plant was increased with DAP application amount, which increased highest under medium fertilization level treatment, while it showed a significant correlationship with varieties released years.In conclusion, all the traits of varieties were increased with DAP application amount adding, and high fertilization level prompt would accelerate the growth of leaf area, leaf greenness, photosynthetic rate and root nodule. The root volume, root surface, root fresh weight and dry weight of new cultivars were higher under high fertilization level, also older cultivar under low fertilizer amount. The shoot/root was lower at medium fertilization level, which rose at high fertilization level. The seed weight per plant was increased with varieties released years developed, especially at medium fertilizer application amount.4. Effect of plant density on soybean varieties released in different yearsThe LAI of soybean varieties released in different years added with plant density increased at V5and R2, while the adding percentage of LAI rose first and fell later under300000plants/hm2and375000plants/hm2density. It showed adding trend of LAI with plant density increased at R2, and the adding percentage of LAI presented rose first and fell later under300000plants/hm2density, while it showed opposite trend under375000plants/hm2density with varieties released years developing. It showed decreased trend of LAI with plant density increased at R4except1985s and2005s under300000plants/hm2density, and the declined percentage of LAI rose first and fell later under300000plants/hm2and375000plants/hm2treatments. The LAI of soybean varieties released in different years decreased with plant density increased at R6, while the declined percentage of LAI rose first and fell later under300000plants/hm2and375000plants/hm2density.Compared with the petiole of1st to5s○leaf on lodging and top crown under225000plants/hm2density, those petiole adding percentage under300000plants/hm2and375000plants/hm2density showed rise first and fall later, which existed a significant correlation between fertilization level and varieties released years.The net photosynthetic rate, the leaf color, shoot/root and the bleeding SAP weight showed falling trend under300000plants/hm2and375000plants/hm2density and with the changing years, all the above traits fell percent rate showed rise first and fall later, and there existed a significant correlation with varieties released years.The grain yield and max plant density adding percentage showed rose first and fell later and fell first and rose later under300000plants/hm2and375000plants/hm2density, which showed a significant correlationship with varieties released years.It showed a significant difference of protein and fat content between soybean varieties released in different years and plant densities. The protein content showed increased trend and fat content presented decreased trend of soybean varieties released in different years under300000plants/hm2and375000plants/hm2densities, while the change percentage of protein and fat were both showed a significant correlationship with varieties released years.In conclusion, it showed a single curve as strong-weak-strong of density tolerance change rule of varieties released in different years due to the change rule of canopy structure, photosynthetic physiology, shoot/root, bleeding, seed yield and seed quality.更多还原