【作者】 尤绪超；

【导师】 韩喜平；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 马克思主义发展史， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 社会主义与市场经济之间的关系，一直以来都是理论界争论的焦点问题。马克思、恩格斯认为社会主义是在资本主义高度发达的基础上产生的一种人类理想的社会制度，在这种制度下自然要消除给人类带来巨大灾难的市场经济，但是他们提出的社会主义消灭市场经济的设想，具有明显的历史性，因而具体到社会主义建设的情况还需要具体问题具体分析。事实上，结合马克思、恩格斯的社会肌体发展理论、世界市场理论对他们的市场经济理论进行本质分析会发现，在他们的理论没有从根本上否定社会主义与市场经济的关系，反而是为社会主义发展市场经济准备了充足的理论基础。列宁不光实践了马克思、恩格斯的科学社会主义理想，还发展了社会主义市场经济理论。他最初在“战时共产主义”政策中去除市场经济因素，但随着社会主义发展的深入，列宁逐渐认识到市场经济在社会主义经济运行中是不可或缺的，他在前苏联推行的“新经济政策”成为社会主义市场经济最早的实践。可惜列宁的市场经济思想并没有制度化和系统化，他去世以后，因为新经济政策的去留问题，苏联党内产生了两次大的争论，最终确立了斯大林模式。斯大林模式的最大特点是经济决策的高度集化，这一模式对东欧、中国等后起的社会主义国家影响是深远而巨大的，东欧国家和中国陆续建立起了高度集中的计划经济体制。20世纪30年代，发生了关于社会主义资源配置问题的大论战，一方是米塞斯、罗宾斯、哈耶克，他们认为社会主义是计划经济，不可能高效的解决资源配置问题。另外一方是泰勒、兰格、勒纳，他们提出通过在计划经济中模拟市场，社会主义也可以达到资源配置的高效率。在这次大论战中，兰格和勒纳几乎同时提出通过模拟市场竞争解决社会主义的资源配置问题的方案，称为“兰格—勒纳模式”，兰格模式的产生代表着市场社会主义这一思潮的正式诞生。之后，在经济实践中屡遭挫折的东欧各国进行了在计划经济中引入市场机制的“分权模式”的改革，改革过程中产生了布鲁斯的“含有受控制市场机制的计划经济”、锡克的“以市场机制为基础的分配计划”、科尔奈“有宏观控制的市场协调”等市场社会主义模式，带来了市场社会主义的新发展。同时，在马克思的故乡德国，也产生了以K.纳什和A.韦伯为代表的“社会主义市场经济”理论。计划与市场并存的分权决策模式并没有给苏联和东欧国家带来经济发展，不过却使市场机制中性论得以确立，并推动了20世纪80年代以英国工党为代表的“市场主导”的市场社会主义模式在英国的最先确立。苏联政变东欧解体之后，资本主义世界并没有得到预想中的发展，在西方经济学界新的市场社会主义理论相继诞生，体现着市场社会主义在当代的新发展。苏东剧变对于那些对社会主义寄予厚望的人来说是一种巨大的冲击，一种资本主义的替代模式消失了。与此同时，被人们寄予厚望的资本主义市场经济却没与给人们带来意想中的效果，凯恩斯主义以及后来的新自由主义经济政策并没有实现对资本主义的救赎，当代市场社会主义试图结合市场经济的效率与社会主义的公平相，提出种种具体的市场社会主义模式，这些针对当代资本主义市场经济存在的问题而提出的解决方案有很多值得借鉴的地方。社会主义市场经济思想在我国从未真正间断过，毛泽东对商品经济思想进行了深入的探索，他发展了斯大林的商品经济理论，拓展了商品经济的范畴和意义，同一时期的中国理论界对商品经济的探索也很深入。邓小平重启了中国的社会主义市场经济模式，描绘了中国改革开放的蓝图。最终，中国以马克思主义为指导，将马克思主义理论与中国实际情况相结合，实行改革开放，是社会主义国家中市场经济改革成功的典范。从1978年十一届三中全会提出改革开放的决定到今天，中国的市场经济之路已经走过36年的历程，经历了在计划经济中引入市场机制到确立市场经济为经济体制改革的目标再到完善市场经济体制，最后到今天的深化改革任务的提出，从最初的“摸着石头过河”到中央深化改革领导小组的成立，每一个改革阶段都伴随着理论争论，争论的焦点问题已经从最初的对社会主义能不能与市场经济相结合的质疑，发展到现在的社会主义如何与市场经济更好的结合，反映了市场经济观念在我国逐步确立的过程。改革在继续，争论从未间断。不同阶段理论的争论又促进了改革的继续和深化。当前，中国的市场经济改革进入到深水区和攻坚阶段，总结和梳理社会主义市场经济理论的渊源、争论与发展，能够清晰的认识到改革的脉络和思路，坚定改革开放的信念，看清改革的方向，对继续深化改革有重大意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relationship between socialism and market economy has been the focusdebate in theoretical circle. Marx and Engels believed that socialism is a kind of idealsocial system built on the basis of the highly developed capitalism and that the socialsystem inevitably eliminated market economy bringing great disasters tohumanbeings, but the idea proposed by them of socialism eliminating marketeconomy, was obviously historical, when we talk about the situation of the socialistconstruction,we also need specific analysis.Actually,analyzing the nature of theirmarket economy theory from their social development theory and world markettheory, we find that their theories do not fundamentally deny the relationship betweensocialism and market economy, but prepare sufficient theoretical foundation for thedevelopment of socialism market economy.Lenin not only practised the Marx and Engels’ scientific socialism ideal, alsodeveloped the theory of socialist market economy. Originally, Lenin removed factorsof market economy from his "wartime communism" policy,and with the deepening ofthe socialism, he gradually realized that the market economy is essential to theoperation of the socialist economy,and his "new economic policy" during the formerSoviet union became the earliest practice of socialist market economy. It’s a pity thatLenin’s market economy thoughts is not institutionalized and systematized. After hepassed away, two big debates around the future of the new economic policy producedin the Soviet party, and finally the Stalin pattern was established. Stalin pattern wascharacteristic of the highly centralized economic decisions and the pattern had a deepand great influnence in the later socialist countries like eastern Europe, China, and theeastern European countries and China has built up a highly centralized plannedeconomic system in succession.In the1930’s, there was a big debate about socialist resource allocation, theopposition is Mises, Robbins, Hayek, they considered that the socialism was plannedeconomy and could not efficiently solve the problem of resource allocation. The affirmative is Taylor, Lange, Lerner, they put forward thatsocialism also couldachieve the high efficiency of resource allocation by simulating market in the plannedeconomy. In this debate, Lange and Lerner almost simultaneously put forward theplan solving the problem of the resource allocation of socialism by simulating marketcompetition,known as the "Lange-Lerner model". The "Lange-Lerner model"represented the formal birth of market socialism. Later, eastern European countriesrepeatedly suffering setbacks in the economic practice had carried on the reform of"separation of powers model" in the introduction of market mechanism in the plannedeconomy. In the process of reform,appeared market socialism models like Bruce’s"the planned economy including controling the market mechanism”, Sikh’s " theallocation of project on the basis of market mechanism ", Cole nai’s "marketcoordination containing the macroscopic control " and so on, and these had broughtthe new development of market socialism. At the same time, in Germany, Marx’shometown, was produced theory of the socialist market economy represented by k.Nash and A. weber. The decentralized decision-making mode coexisting in plan andmarket did not bring economic development to the Soviet union and eastern Europeancountries, but establish the neutral theory of market mechanism, and promoted thefirst establishment of "market leading"market socialism mode represented by Britain’sLabour party in the UK in the1980’s.After the coup of the Soviet and the disintegration of eastern Europe, thecapitalism world don’t receive the expected development,the appearance of a newbatch of market socialism theories in western economics circle embodied newdevelopment of contemporary market socialism. The coup of the Soviet and thedisintegration of eastern Europe were a huge impact on those who cherished hopes forsocialism,after all, an alternative model of capitalism disappeared. Meanwhile,capitalist market economy greatly hoped by people did not bring the intended effect,the Keynesian and later the new liberalism economy policy did not realize theredemption of capitalism. And the contemporary market socialism tried to combinethe efficiency of market economy and the fairness of socialism an d put forward avariety of specific market socialism modes. There are many places deserving learning in these solutions to contemporary capitalism market economy problems.Thought of socialist market economy has never really interrupted in our country.Mao Zedong made a deep exploration of the commodity economy thoughts and hedeveloped Stalin’s commodity economy theory, expanding the scope and significanceof commodity economy. At the same time in the Chinese theory circle,the explorationof commodity economy is also very deep. Deng Xiaoping restarted the China’ssocialist market economic model, described the blueprint of China’s reform andopening. In the end, guided by the marxism, China combined marxist theory andChina’s actual situation, carrying on the reform and opening, and became the classicexample of success of reform of market economy in socialist countries. Frommakeing decision of the reform and opening in the11th third plenary session in1978to today, China’s market economy has seen36years of history, experienceing fromfirst the introduction of market mechanism in the planned economy to theestablishment of market economy as the goal of the economic system reform toperfecting the market economic system and finally to today’s puting forward task todeepen the reform.From the initial "touch stone across the river" to the founding ofthe central deepening reform leading team, each reform stage is companied by thetheoretical arguments, the focus of the debate has shifted away from the originaldoubt if the socialism can be combined with market economy to the present day howto make socialism better combine with market economy, reflecting the process ofconcept of market economy gradually establishing in our country.Reform continues and the debate has never stopped. Theory debates in differentstages promote the continuing and deepening of the reform. At present, China’smarket economy reform has entered into the deep water area and the crucial stage,summarizing and combing the origin, debate and development of the socialist marketeconomy theory can make us clearly get to know the context and thoughtway of thereform, firm the belief in reform and opening, see the direction of the reform, havinggreat significance in continuing to deepen reform.更多还原