【作者】 周渤；

【导师】 徐传谌；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 产业经济学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 2008年以来，在“次贷危机”危机冲击下，世界多家大型企业倒闭或出售，推动了新一轮全球产业结构的变革。我国作为世界第二大经济体，如何把握这一历史性契机，在激烈的世界市场竞争中占据有利地位，这一问题的解答对未来中国经济的持续稳定发展具有重要意义。然而，经济的发展依托于企业的发展，企业的发展又依赖于企业竞争能力的高低。那么，在未来的国际市场竞争中，我们要依赖哪些企业呢？众所周知，虽然通过多年的改革开放，我国实现了多种所有制企业共存的局面，但国有企业仍然是中国经济发展的核心动力，是中国社会主义初期阶段发展的根基。尤其是中央企业，已经成为我国企业的标杆和国民经济支柱，其发展状况直接影响到我国经济兴衰。与此同时，从国际市场比较来看，国资委下属的部分中央企业已经挤入世界500强，而且从数量到排名都在逐年提升。中央企业作为参与新国际市场竞争的“先锋军”，具备“中国品牌”的代表性。可见，深入研究中央企业竞争力情况，分析其竞争力的优势与不足，寻求提升中央企业竞争力的途径在当下具有重要的现实意义。中央企业要在新一轮的国际竞争中脱颖而出，必须客观评价自身竞争力现状，以期做到知己知彼。因此，本文以中央企业为研究对象，通过挖掘企业竞争力概念的内涵，运用定量分析方法对中央企业竞争力进行了深入分析。具体工作可概括为以下几部分：第一，本文分析了“次贷危机”所带来的市场契机，即本土企业在未来世界产业链位置的变革即将重启，阐述了我国中央企业作为参与新国际市场竞争的核心地位，以及发展中央企业对中国经济发展的战略意义；第二，基于对我国国企改革相关文献的收集和整理，从国企产权改革问题、管理机制问题、创新能力问题、效率问题和综合性评价这五个方面对当前国有企业现状进行了高度总结。通过对部分经典经济学竞争理论（古典经济学竞争理论、哈弗学派竞争理论、芝加哥学派竞争理论、新奥地利学派竞争理论、可竞争市场理论、交易费用理论和马克思经济学竞争理论）、企业核心竞争力理论、价值链和产业链理论的简要回顾，本文从理论角度归纳出评价中央企业竞争能力的三个方面，即企业规模竞争力、企业效率竞争力和企业创新能力竞争力。不同于多数文献只是停留在理论性论述层面，本文收集了2012年中央企业实际数据，应用层次分析的统计方法，通过对中央企业和国外同行业领先企业在竞争力方面的细致比较，讨论了当前中央企业竞争力上存在的优势和瓶颈。第三，本文以选取中央企业为代表，并结合其所属行业的发展状况和前文竞争力的定量评价结果，对其所属行业的竞争力进行了分析。本文选取的中央企业样本涉及到六大基础性产业，具体包括金属产品业、采矿和原油生产行业、石油业、公共设施业、汽车与零部件业、工程建筑业。第四，本文从五个方面：历史遗留问题、企业管理和体制、企业文化、企业创新和企业品牌，讨论了影响中央企业竞争力的主要因素，结合相关资料和本文评价结果详细指出了这五方面存在的具体问题。在历史遗留问题方面，中央企业发展从宏观来说存在地域性差异，老工业基地地区的国有企改革相对滞后，并且仍伴有企业办社会现象；在企业管理方面，主要是企业管理人员选聘制度问题和激励约束机制尚不完善；在企业文化方面，中央企业中虽有部分企业已经取得了相当的成效，但仍有企业存在企业文化建设形式化的问题；在企业创新方面，主要问题在于企业自我创新能力不足，技术引入、学习、吸收和再创新的周期较长，目前多数企业生产的核心技术对外依赖性仍然很高，导致企业长期处于世界产业链低端；在企业品牌建设方面，虽然出现了少部分具有品牌效应的中央企业，但是多数中央企业在世界市场中的知名度仍然不高。最后，针对制约中央企业竞争力提升的问题，本文尝试性的逐一给出了相应政策措施。通过对中央企业竞争能的分析本文发现，中央企业竞争能力的提升仍然具备相当的空间。目前中央企业在企业效率和企业研发投入方面已经接近国际先进水平，但与同行业先进企业相比，最大的薄弱环节仍然是企业规模不足。因此，在未来中央企业发展过程中，除了继续保持和加强研发投入力度，进一步提升企业效率外，应当通过兼并、收购等方式扩大企业规模，以适应未来更加激烈的国际市场竞争。对于环境污染、资源浪费等问题，则需要通过完善企业相关产业的生产规范，降低和消除多年来粗放型经济发展当中带来的弊端加以解决。更多还原

【Abstract】 Economic development relies on development of enterprises, while the latterdepends on competitiveness of enterprises. Since2008when the US began to betrapped in subprime mortgage crisis, many large-scale enterprises around the worldhave gone bankrupt or been sold, which leads to changes in the world’s industrialstructure. Under this premise, how to grasp opportunity to get rid of the huge impactbrought about by the economic crisis and occupy a favorable position in the newmarket structure as soon as possible becomes an important topic for China, which isthe world’s second-largest economy.From the perspective of development situation of domestic enterprises in China,the smooth implementation of reform of SOEs made a considerable number ofenterprises realize significant development, especially those centrally-administeredSOEs subordinate to State-owned Assets Supervision and AdministrationCommission of the State Council, which gained relatively obvious advantagescompared to other enterprises in China from the aspect of scale, efficiency andinnovation ability and became a group of pillar enterprises for economicdevelopment of China; from the international perspective, some enterprisessubordinate to State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission ofthe State Council have been listed among the Top500Enterprises in the world, andthe number and ranking of such enterprises have been growing year after year.Therefore, centrally-administered SOEs of China are the best choice for representingChina in participating in new market competition; in addition, as for the nature ofownership of centrally-administered SOEs, it is of profound significance that theyparticipate in new market competition in the world as the Vanguard and establish an image for Chinese Brands in the future.The first step for centrally-administered SOEs to get rid of restrictions imposedby economic crisis and participate in a new round of international competition is tounderstand their development situation. In this paper, detailed analysis oncentrally-administered SOEs is made primarily based on their competitiveness.Firstly, it is introduced at the beginning of this paper that new market opportunitiesemerging after subprime mortgage crisis have become the focus of various countries;to develop enterprises and occupy a position in the world’s industry chain hasbecome a most concerned issue among all countries in the world. It is indicated inthis paper that centrally-administered SOEs are the core strength of China in theprocess of participating in new market competition and it is of great significance todevelop centrally-administered SOEs for China’s economic development. Secondly,literatures on the reform of SOEs are collected in this paper and literatures related tothe current situation of SOEs are sorted out and analyzed from five aspects, namelyissue of property right reform, issue of management mechanism, issue of innovationability, issue of efficiency and comprehensive evaluation. Subsequently, briefintroduction to some classic competition theories in economics (competition theoriesin classical economics, competition theories of Harvard School, competition theoriesof Chicago School, competition theories of New Austrian School, theory ofcontestable market, theory of transaction cost and competition theories in MarxistEconomics), theory of core competiveness of enterprises as well as theory of valuechain and industry chain is made in this paper. Three aspects of competitiveness ofcentrally-administered SOEs are summarized and evaluated, namely thatcompetitiveness in scale, competitiveness in efficiency and competitiveness ininnovation ability of enterprises. The current bottleneck and advantages faced bycentrally-administered SOEs in promoting their core competitiveness are analyzedand discussed in the third section of this paper through the combination of actualdata of enterprises in2012, the application of statistical method of analytic hierarchy process and detailed comparison of competitiveness between centrally-administeredSOEs in China and leading enterprises in other countries from the same industry,which is different from most literatures remaining on the level of theoreticalexposition. In this paper, samples of enterprises concern six basic industries,including industry of metal products, mining and crude oil production, petroleumindustry, public utility, automobiles and auto parts as well as engineeringconstruction. In the fourth section, scope of industry is expounded based on variousindustries, industrial development situation is analyzed and analysis is made on thesituation of competitiveness of centrally-administered SOEs from various industriesbased on evaluation result obtained in the third section. In the fifth section, majorfactors influencing the competitiveness of centrally-administered SOEs are discussedbased on result of the above analysis from five aspects, including problems left overby history, enterprise management and system, corporate culture, innovation andbrand of enterprises; specific problems in each aspect are pointed out with thecombination of relevant information and result of this evaluation. From the aspect ofproblems left over by history, there exist regional differences in the development ofcentrally-administered SOEs on the macro level; reform of SOEs in old industrialbases relatively lags behind and there is still the phenomenon of enterprisesburdened with social services. From the aspect of enterprise management, there existproblems in system of recruitment for managers; incentive and restrictionmechanism are still incomplete. From the aspect of corporate culture, somecentrally-administered SOEs have achieved good results; however some enterprisesstill focus on formality in their corporate culture construction. From the aspect ofenterprise innovation, major problems include that self-innovation ability of someenterprises is not sufficient, the period for introduction of technology, learning,absorption and re-innovation is relatively long as well as core technologies of mostenterprises still highly depend on external factors, which causes those enterprises tostay at the low end of the world’s industry chain for a long time. From the aspect of brand building, there emerge a small number of centrally-administered SOEs withbrand effect; however, most centrally-administered SOEs still don’t have a highpopularity in the world market. In the last section of this paper, corresponding policymeasures are tentatively proposed based on content in the fifth section.Through the evaluation and analysis on competitiveness of centrally-administered SOEs in this paper, it is pointed out that the weakest link ofcentrally-administered SOEs, compared to their advanced counterparts from thesame industry, is still insufficiency in scale; and their efficiency and input in researchand development are getting close to advanced level in the world. In futuredevelopment of centrally-administered SOEs, input in research and developmentneeds to be maintained and increased; meanwhile, reform on managementmechanism of enterprises should be deepened and efficiency of enterprises should befurther improved. Secondly, reform on scale of enterprises needs to be deepened inorder to prepare enterprises for adapting to more fierce market competition in thefuture. Centrally-administered SOEs may expand their scale through merger andacquisition and complete production specifications for relevant industries as well asdecrease and eliminate the disadvantages brought about by years of extensiveeconomic development. Only in this way, problems such as environmental pollutionand waste of resources can be solved as soon as possible.In conclusion, there is still considerable room for centrally-administered SOEsto improve their competitiveness and there is still a long way to go for reform in thefuture.更多还原