【作者】 袁立国；

【导师】 张盾；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本论文研究马克思与古典政治经济学的理论渊源关系。这一研究力求回到政治经济学与近代思想史的语境，围绕着对资本主义社会关系本质的争论，展开马克思对古典政治经济学的传承与批判关系。古典政治经济学是对资本主义社会的理论分析，马克思正是在政治经济学批判中认识到资本主义生产方式的历史性本质，并提出了超越资本主义的社会政治构想。全文结构如下：第一章，政治经济学是现代市民社会的科学理论。斯密的政治经济学作为市民社会理论终结了政治观念论的传统，通过把经济置于现代政治的核心，为现代政治哲学开拓出一个全新的论域。而康德与黑格尔对政治经济学的观念论反思，既构成了对市民社会的政治性超越，也为马克思在更高的理论界面上展开资本主义批判铺垫了思想史背景。第二章，马克思通过批判黑格尔法哲学认识到“对市民社会的解剖应该到政治经济学中去寻求”。古典政治经济学从财产权和经济视角对市民社会的起源进行了历史性分析，它构成了唯物史观的重要理论来源。但古典政治经济学在其本质上是一种市民社会理论，其主要目的是论证市民社会的合法性，而历史唯物主义要在“历史科学”的层面上超越市民社会理论，即政治经济学批判。第三章，社会问题是马克思进入政治经济学批判的问题路径。青年马克思曾经在法学上为穷人的利益作辩护，但在穷人的利益具有正当性之前，则先有斯密在伦理学上论证穷人和富人具有相同的道德禀赋，从而扭转了西方思想史上对穷人的偏见。古典政治经济学解决社会问题的方案是诉诸于自由市场，它认为自由交换能够最大限度地提高生产力、促进社会和谐。马克思的政治经济学批判指出了自由市场的乌托邦性质，证明了资本主义的社会关系才是造成社会问题的全部根源。第四章，马克思重塑了政治经济学的生产概念。斯密的《国富论》具有两副面孔：一方面它从生产视角证明了资本主义社会存在阶级冲突，另一方面它又从交换视角说明资本主义是和谐的。前一视角经过李嘉图改造，发展出了“穷人政治经济学”谱系。后一视角则被萨伊和西尼尔继承，形成了代表资产阶级利益的“富人政治经济学”。马克思不仅继承了“穷人政治经济学”的道义立场，而且在历史唯物主义语境中深化了生产概念的规定性，通过对资本主义生产的历史性本质进行揭示，完成了对资本主义制度的科学批判。第五章，马克思政治经济学批判的核心主题是正义。在现代意义上，正义问题的实质是经济问题，斯密所理解的正义主要是指交换正义，李嘉图社会主义者则依据劳动价值论原理把交换正义改写为分配正义。马克思认为，分配正义理论依然囿于资本主义生产方式，而科学社会主义则应该奠基于生产领域的革命，通过建构合理的生产方式以满足人的需要，为真正人的自由个性的全面发展提供物质前提，即生产正义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The dissertation mainly researches the relationship between the theory of Marx’sand classical political economics. It sought to back to the context of politicaleconomics and modern intellectual history. Around the debate the nature of capitalistsocial relations, Marx started the inheritance and criticism to classical politicaleconomics. Classical political economics is a theoretical analysis of the capitalistsociety, Marx was in a critique of political economy in understanding the historicalnature of capitalist mode of production, and put forward a conception beyond thecapitalist politics. The full text structure is as follows:Chapter one, Political economics is the science of modern civil society. Politicaleconomics of Adam Smith as a social theory puts an end to the traditional concept ofpolitical theory, through placing the economy at the core of modern politics, whichopens up a new domain for the modern political philosophy. Kant and Hegel doidealism reflection of political economics, which constitutes the politicaltranscendence of the civil society, but also lays the background of history for Marx’scritique of capitalism at a higher theoretical level.Chapter two, through the critique of Hegel’s law philosophy, Marx realized “theanatomy of the civil society should seek to the political economics”. Classical polialeconomics historically analyses the origin of civil society from the perspective ofproperty rights and economic, which constitutes the important theoretical source ofhistorical materialism. But the classical political economics in its essence is a kind oftheory of civil society, whose main purpose is to prove the legitimacy of civil society,and the historical materialism to go beyond the civil society theory in the level of"historical science", namely the critique of political economy.Chapter three, social problem is a path for Marx into the critique of politicaleconomy. Young Marx had defended on the law for the benefit of the poor, but beforethe poor were justified, Smith had proved that the poor and the rich had the same in the ethics moral legitimacy, which reversed the traditional western social prejudice againstthe poor. The classical political economics resorts to the free market to solve the socialproblems, which says free exchange can maximize production efficiency and promotesocial harmony. Marx’s critique of political economics just points out that utopiacharacteristics of market principles and proves that social relations of capitalism is thecause for social problems.Chapter four, Marx has reshaped the political economics production concept."The Wealth of Nations" of Smith has two faces, on the one hand it proves theexistence of class conflict in the capitalist society from the perspective of production,on the other hand it suggests that capitalism is harmonious starting from the exchange.The former was modified by David Ricardo, developing "The poor politicaleconomics" lineage. The latter was inherited by J·B·Say and N·Senior, and developed"The rich political economics" on behalf of the interests of the bourgeoisie. Marx notonly inherited the moral standing of "the poor political economics", but also deepenedthe stipulation of the concept of production in the context of historical materialism,which realizes the scientific criticism of the capitalist system by revealing thehistorical essence of capitalist production.Chapter five, justice is the theme of the Marx’s political economics. In the modernsense, the essence of justice problem is economic problem. Smith’s understanding ofjustice refers to the justice of exchange. Based on the theory of labor value, Ricardosocialist rewrites the exchange justice as distributive justice. Marx thinks, distributivejustice is still limited to the capitalist mode of production. Scientific socialism shouldbe based on the production of revolution, through the construction of a reasonablemode of production to meet the needs of human nature, to lay the material premise forall-round development of the real person’s free individuality, namely productionjustice.更多还原