【作者】 曾德贤；

【导师】 方世南；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 “自然——人——社会”建构起了人类生存和发展的一个相互联系、相互作用的有机整体与对象世界。千百年来，随着生产发展与文明进步，从人与自然、人与社会、人自身的解放三个维度理性探求自然解放、人的解放与社会解放的脚步从未间断。马克思恩格斯在充分吸收启蒙学者思想、空想社会主义理论和康德、黑格尔、费尔巴哈、达尔文与李比希等合理思想基础上，将自然、社会和人的关系看作是建立在实践基础上的动态发展的整体性关系，从自然观和社会历史观相结合、物的尺度和人的尺度相统一的角度考察自然解放、社会解放和人的解放这三大解放的有机联系和内在关系。马克思恩格斯指出，自然是第一性，自然界先于人，先于人类社会。人和人类社会是自然界的一部分，是自然界发展到一定历史阶段的产物。人与自然的关系实质上表现为人与人的关系。从自然与人交互影响和辩证互动的关系出发，马克思恩格斯将社会看作是人同自然界的完成了的本质的统一。在马克思恩格斯看来，人类社会与自然之间是须臾不能割裂的依存共生的自然生态系统。马克思恩格斯运用社会有机体理论和社会系统方法论，将自然环境问题看作是由社会问题引起并需要在解决社会问题中予以化解的问题。马克思恩格斯把资本主义社会的自然问题看作是社会问题,看作是不合理的社会制度及其生产方式在对待自然态度上的反映。马克思恩格斯认为，自然解放就是恢复自然中的活生生的向上的力量，让人从自然束缚及其奴役下解放和使自然从人的束缚与奴役下获得解放，让自然复归于自在的自然，使属人的自然与自在的自然、自然的自由与人的自由有机统一。人的解放，就是人的本质得到解放，就是人的劳动自由、经济剥削、政治压迫、人的社会关系得到解放，人的解放问题就是人道主义社会如何真正、彻底地实现的问题。作为不同于资产阶级政治解放的社会解放，一方面，是资产阶级政治统治权威的消灭、无产阶级专政国家的建立。另一方面，是资本经济统治权威消除、无产阶级对生产资料占有的确立。从抽象的层面理解，社会解放是在社会各领域建立人与人之间平等的社会关系，将“属人的关系还给人自己”，是人类从政治解放向人类解放的一个过渡阶段。历史唯物主义是自然解放、人的解放和社会解放思想蕴涵的世界观和方法论，在这一世界观和方法论的支撑下，自然解放、人的解放和社会解放的命题相互渗透与补充，在理论与逻辑上具有了严密性与浑然一体性。马克思恩格斯把自然、人与社会纳入到社会历史发展的进程中，从生产力与生产关系的矛盾、资本主义分工与资本主义生产方式等角度对影响三大解放的要素进行了批判。马克思认为，在资本主义社会，生产力与生产关系的矛盾是造成自然生态环境遭到破坏、广大劳动人民受到剥削与压迫、社会充满矛盾的根本原因。在私有制发展到顶峰的资本主义社会，分工对人的束缚也达到了它的顶点，而这种束缚的力量的背后却是实现解放的力量。资本主义生产方式对利润欲望的无限追求导致了生态自然环境和人生活环境的恶化，整个社会处于不协调状态。马克思恩格斯认为，任何解放都是使人的世界即各种关系回归于人自身。只有在现实的世界中并使用现实的手段才能实现真正的解放。“解放”是由历史的关系，是由工业状况、商业状况、农业状况、交往状况促成的。马克思恩格斯提出了三大解放的路径，即：解放的实际前提：主张大力发展生产力；解放的自然基础：善待自然尊重自然规律；解放的制度支撑：共产主义代替资本主义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nature Human beings--Society form an interrelated and interactional organ and objectworld for human existence and development. For thousands of years, with the development ofproductivity and society, the rational quest for natural liberation, human liberation and socialliberation has never been stopped from the three dimensions of humans and nature, humans andsociety and humans own liberation. On the basis of absorbing thoughts of enlightenment scholars,utopian socialism, the reasonable ideas of Kant, Hegel, Feuerbach, Darwin, Liebig, Marx and Angelsview the relationship among nature, society and humans as dynamic and global from the practicalbase and they explore the organic and interrelated relationship of natural, social and humanliberation from the aspect of unifying conception of nature, society and history as well as measure ofmatter and measure of human beings.Marx and Angles point out that nature is primary and prior to humans and human society which,a part of the nature, are the product of nature developed to a certain stage.The relationship between human and nature is actually the relationship among humans. Marxand Angles regard the society as a unity in essence completed by humans and nature from the aspectof interactive relationship between humans and society. They believe that human society and natureare dependent on each other and are natural ecosystems that can not be separated for a moment.Marx and Angles, with the use of theory of social organism and social system methodology, view theproblems of social environment as problem caused by social problems to be settled in the process ofsolving social problems. They regard the natural problems as the social problems, the reflection ofunreasonable social systems and its mode of production towards natural attitude in the capitalsociety.Marx and Angles claim that the natural liberation means recovering the lively and upwardpowers in society, liberating humans from natural bondage and slavery and enabling nature to obtainliberation from human bondage and slavery, so the nature can revert to free nature and unifyhumanistic nature and free nature, natural freedom and human freedom. The liberation of humans isthe liberation of human nature and freedom of labor, and the liberation of economic exploitation, political oppression and humans’ social relationship, and is how the humanitarian society can fullybe achieved. Social liberation different from the bourgeois political liberation, on the one hand, is thedisappearance of system authority of bourgeois politics and the establishment of proletariandictatorship; on the other hand, is the disappearance of bourgeois economics and the establishmentof proletarian possession of capital goods. Abstractly, social liberation is the establishment of equalhuman relationship in all social aspects, and returning the humanistic relationship to humans and is atransitional stage of humans from political liberation to human liberation.Historical materialism is the world outlook and methodology of natural liberation, humanliberation and social liberation. Under this view, the proposition of natural liberation, humanliberation and social liberation are interpenetrative and supplementary and are theoretically andlogically strict and integrated.Marx and Angles bring nature, humans and society into the order of social and historicaldevelopment and criticize the elements affecting liberation from the aspect of the contradictionbetween productivity and production relations, division of capitalism and the capitalist mode ofproduction. Marx holds that in the capitalist society the contradiction between productivity andproduction relations is the source of causing destruction of natural environment, exploitation andoppression of the working labors as well as the society with conflicts. The capitalist society, the peakstage of private ownership, human bondage of division of work also reach the peak, behind which isthe power of liberation. The endless pursuit of profits in capitalist society causes worsening ofecological environment and human living surroundings and the society is put into inconsistent state.Marx and Angles hold that any liberation is the recovery of human relations towards themselves.Only in the real society and with the use of practical methods can we really realize liberation.Liberation is caused by historical, industrial, commercial, agricultural relations and associationconditions.Marx and Angles put forward three liberation princ iples: the actual premise of liberation:advocacy of largely developing productivity; natural base of liberation: being nice to nature andacting to the laws of nature; system support of liberation: communism superseding capitalism.更多还原