【作者】 陈庆华；

【导师】 陈玉成；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 农业资源利用， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 表面活性剂可通过污染物排放和修复剂添加等方式进入土壤,而目前的相关研究多集中在表面活性剂自身的迁移转化、表面活性剂对土壤基本理化特性的影响以及对有机污染与重金属的修复方面,而较少涉及表面活性剂对土壤氮磷等植物营养物质的迁移影响。论文选取阴离子型的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和非离子型的聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(TX-100),采用吸附试验、培养试验、土柱试验、植物盆栽试验,从土壤颗粒吸附、微生物转化、水流扩散和植物吸收等角度,初步探讨了表面活性剂对土壤氮磷迁移的影响,对比分析了在无植物时,表面活性剂与酸雨淋洗、阴离子表面活性剂与非离子表面活性剂淋洗对氮磷迁移的影响；对比分析了表面活性剂对紫色土与黄壤中氮磷的迁移的影响；对比分析了在植物生长条件下,外源表面活性剂与残留表面活性剂对土壤中氮磷迁移行为的影响,以期为提高植物的氮磷利用率、减少氮磷迁移造成的潜在水环境风险提供科学依据。试验结果如下：(1)吸附试验表明：①高浓度SDBS促进了铵态氮的吸附,且以紫色土更为显著,而TX-100无显著影响。当SDBS浓度增大到3210mg/L时,黄壤对铵态氮的吸附量比无SDBS时增加了10.50%,紫土则增加了14.20%。②SDBS和TX-100抑制了土壤对磷的吸附,且以紫色土更为显著。黄壤中SDBS和TX-100处理对磷的吸附量无明显差异；而紫色土中,SDBS处理对磷的吸附的抑制作用更强。当SDBS浓度增大到3210mg/L时,黄壤对磷的吸附量比无SDBS时降低了3.29%,紫土中则降低了7.91%；而TX-100浓度增大到3210mg/L时,黄壤对磷的吸附量比无TX-100时降低了3.49%,紫土中则降低了4.44%。③当表面活性剂处理相同时,黄壤对铵态氮和磷的吸附量均大于紫色土。(2)培养试验表明：①低浓度表面活性剂促进两种土壤的硝化作用,且以SDBS的促进作用更强；高浓度表面活性剂则反之。②当表面活性剂处理相同时,紫色土的硝化作用强于黄壤。(3)土柱淋洗试验表明：①土壤氮磷淋出总量随着表面活性剂浓度和酸雨酸性增加而增加。当淋洗的SDBS溶液浓度在0～100mg/L时,SDBS淋洗增大了紫色土硝态氮的淋出总量而减少了了钕态氮的淋出总量,淋出液中的氮以硝态氮为主,氮磷的淋出总量均随SDBS溶液浓度的增大而增大。当土壤中SDBS的初始浓度在0～100mg/kg时,酸雨淋洗下,氮磷的淋出总量也均随紫色土中SDBS初始浓度的增大而增大。当表面活性剂处理相同时,酸雨的pH值越小,氮磷的淋出总量越大。②SDBS和TX-100淋洗均促进了土壤中氮磷的垂直迁移和淋出。当表面活性剂处理相同时,氮磷淋出总量紫色土均大于黄壤,同时SDBS和TX-100对氮磷淋出的促进作用在紫色土中也比黄壤中更加明显。淋出液中的氮以硝态氮为主,SDBS对硝态氮和总氮淋出的促进作用强于TX-100。SDBS对铵态氮的淋出表现为先促进后抑制的作用,而TX-100则始终表现为促进作用。SDBS和TX-100促进了磷的淋出,黄壤中两者的促进作用相近,而紫色土中SDBS的促进作用更大。淋洗12次后,SDBS处理使黄壤和紫色土中的总氮淋出总量分别增大13.05%和16.36%,硝态氮分别增大17.60%和19.49%,铵态氮分别降低了7.22%和8.50%,总磷分别增大11.69%和19.00%；TX-100处理则使总氮分别增大9.47%和10.77%,硝态氮分别增大9.12%和11.03%,铵态氮分别增大4.12%和9.34%,总磷分别增大11.18%和12.61%。(4)盆栽试验表明：①两种存在方式的表面活性剂(以污灌水源添加的表面活性剂和土壤中残留的表面活性剂)均不利于植物的生长,抑制了植物对氮磷的吸收,促进了氮磷的淋出,且后者的促进作用更强。②两种存在方式的SDBS对莴笋吸收氮磷的抑制作用强于TX-100。当SAA以污灌水源形式添加时,SDBS淋洗使黄壤中莴笋的总氮量、总磷量分别减小了23.06%和20.25%,TX-100则分别减小了14.62%和13.72%,SDBS淋洗使紫色土中莴笋的的总氮量、总磷量分别减小了12.27%和12.70%,TX-100则分别减小了8.98%和9.14%。土壤中残留的表面活性剂对植物氮磷的吸收量也有类似影响,黄壤中的SDBS使莴笋的总氮量、总磷量分别减小了20.79%和15.21%；TX-100则分别减小了15.89%和10.44%。紫色土中的SDBS使莴笋的的总氮量、总磷量分别减小了9.68%和11.34%；TX-100则分别减小了7.12%和9.48%。③两种存在方式的SDBS对总氮和硝态氮淋出的促作用均较TX-100更强。当表面活性剂以污灌水源形式添加时,表面活性剂淋洗10周后,SDBS处理使黄壤和紫色土中总氮的淋出总量分别增大了32.52%和35.79%,硝态氮分别增大36.06%和36.41%；而TX-100则使总氮分别增大23.14%和25.62%,硝态氮分别增大21.77%和25.76%。土壤中残留的表面活性剂对总氮和硝态氮淋出总量也有类似影响,以模拟配制的雨水淋洗10周后,黄壤和紫色土中的SDBS分别使总氮淋出总量增大67.59%和70.72%,硝态氮淋出总量分别增大65.04%和66.72%,黄壤和紫色土中的TX-100则使总氮淋出总量分别增大31.76%和46.04%,硝态氮淋出总量分别增大31.22%和41.79%。④两种存在方式的TX-100均促进了铵态氮的淋出,且这种促进作用在紫色土中更显著。10周后,以污灌水源形式添加的TX-100使黄壤和紫色土中的铵态氮淋出总量分别增大了12.58%和18.49%,而土壤中残留的TX-100则使铵态氮淋出总量分别增大了42.80%和45.78%。⑤以污灌水源形式添加的SDBS对铵态氮的淋出表现为先促进后抑制的作用；而土壤中残留的SDBS则始终表现为促进作用。10周后,以污灌水源形式添加的SDBS使黄壤和紫色土中铵态氮的淋出总量分别减少了7.11%和7.55%,而土壤中残留的SDBS使黄壤和紫色土中铵态氮淋出总量分别增大68.16%和64.28%。⑥对总磷的淋出,紫色土中两种存在方式的SDBS的促进作用均大于TX-100,而黄壤中两者的促进作用相近。当表面活性剂以污灌水源形式添加时,SDBS和TX-100淋洗使黄壤总磷的淋出总量分别增大22.50%和22.25%,而紫色土中分别增大27.64%和23.52%。土壤中残留的表面活性剂对总磷的淋出总量也有类似影响,黄壤中的SDBS和TX-100使总磷淋出总量分别增大25.98%和25.16%,紫色土中的SDBS和TX-100分别增大32.85%和28.95%。⑦当表面活性剂处理相同时,氮磷淋出总量紫色土均大于黄壤,且两种表面活性剂对氮、磷淋出的促进作用在紫色土中也比黄壤中更显著。综上所述,①不论有无植物生长,SDBS和TX-100均促进土壤氮磷的淋出,增大了氮磷迁移造成的潜在水环境风险。植物生长条件下,SDBS和TX-100均抑制植物对氮磷的吸收利用,间接增大了氮磷的淋出量。②两种表面活性剂相比,SDBS比TX-100更不利于植物对氮磷肥的吸收利用,也更易促进土壤中氮磷的淋出。③表面活性剂的两种存在方式相比,土壤中残留的表面活性剂比以污灌水源添加的表面活性剂对氮磷淋出的促进作用更强。④两种土壤相比,紫色土中氮磷的淋出量大于黄壤,且紫色土中的氮磷迁移比黄壤更易受到表面活性剂的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Surfactants can get into the soil through a variety of ways. Surfactants in soils are pollutants but also a remediation agent. Most of previous studies on surfactants of soils were mainly concentrated on transferring and transformation of surfactant, the effect of surfactants on soil structure, and also soil remediation of organic pollution or heavy metals. Only little studies on the effect of surfactants on migration of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are reported.In this study, two types of surfactants including anion SDBS and non-ionic TX-100were both used for investigation. Through adsorption, soil column, incubation and vegetation plantation experiments, from four aspects of soil adsorption, biotransformation, water-proliferation and plant uptake, the effect of surfactants on N and P migration in yellow and purple soils were investigated. Without plants, the effects on N and P migration of SAA with acid rain, and anionic surfactant with nonionic surfactant leaching were compared. Effects of surfactants on N and P migration in purple soils were compared with in yellow soils. When plants existed, the effects on N and P migration of two types of surfactants existence forms including additions as wastewater and forms as residuals in soils were compared, which may be used for providing scientific basis to increase utilization rate of N and P and prevent to water eutrophication by leaching and migrating of N and P.The results are as follows:(1) The results of adsorption experiments showed:①Higher concentrations of SDBS increase adsorption of NH4+-N, and the most significant increasing was observed in purple soil. Additionally no clearly effect was observed in TX-100treatment. When concentrations of SDBS increased to3210mg/L, the adsorption of NH4+-N on yellow soils was higher10.50%than no SDBS treatment, as compared with in purple soil of14.20%increasing.②Both of SBDS and TX-100inhibit adsorption of P in two types of soils, and the most significant inhibiting was observed in purple soil. In yellow soils, there were no significantly differences of P adsorption. But in purple soils, SDBS showed a lower P adsorption rather than TX-100.When SDBS concentrations increased to3210mg/L, P adsorption of yellow and purple soils decreased by3.29%and7.91%respectively as compared with control treatment (without SDBS addition). However when TX-100concentration increased3210mg/L, P adsorption decreased by3.49%in yellow soils, and by4.44%in purple soils. ③When the same surfactant applied, NH4+-N and P adsorption was higher in yellow soils than purple soils.(2) The results of soil incubation experiments showed:①Low concentrations of surfactant enhance nitrification process of soils with the greater effect observed in SDBS treatment. As a comparison, high concentrations of surfactant inhibited nitrification.②When the surfactant applied was the same, nitrification rate were higher in purple soil rather than in yellow soil.(3) The results of soil column experiments showed:①Higher total leaching of N and P were observed in treatments of higher SDBS concentrations and lower pH values of acid rain.SDBS leaching treat increased total leaching of nitrate nitrogen, but decreased total leaching of ammonium nitrogen leaching. Nitrate nitrogen was the main form of nitrogen in the leaching liquid. Leaching of N and P increased with the increase of SDBS solution concentrations when the concentrations of SDBS solution were between0mg/L and100mg/L. When the initial concentrations of SDBS in soil were between0mg/kg and100mg/kg, effect of SDBS in purple soil under acid rain leaching on total leaching of N and P was similar to SDBS solution leaching. When the same surfactant applied, total leaching of N and P was higher under lower pH of acid rain.②Both of SDBS and TX-100leaching enhanced N and P vertical migration and leaching. When the same surfactant applied, total leaching amount of N and P was higher in purple than yellow soils. More significant enhancement of SDBS and TX-100was observed in purple soil rather than in yellow soil. Nitrate nitrogen was the main form of nitrogen in the leaching liquid. SDBS and TX-100enhanced nitrate N and TN leaching, which SBDS showed a better performance. Effects on ammonium N leaching of SDBS change from enhancement to inhibition, and TX-100enhanced ammonia N cumulative leaching. SDBS and TX-100enhanced total P leaching, and similar effect of both types of surfactants were observed in yellow soils, but higher enhancement in purple soils was found with SDBS additions than adding TX-100. After12times leaching, in SDBS treatment, total leaching amount of TN leaching from purple and yellow soils both increased by13.05%and16.36%respectively, and by17.60%and19.49%for nitrate N, and by11.69%and19.00%for TP, but total leaching amount of ammonium N decreased by4.12%and9.34%in yellow and purple soils respectively.On the other hand, in TX-100treatment, in purple and yellow soils, total leaching amount of TN leaching increased by9.47%and10.77%, by9.12%and11.03%for nitrate N, by4.12%and9.34%for ammonium N, and byll.18%and 12.61%for TP.(4) The results of vegetation plantation experiment showed:①Two types of SSA existence forms including additions as wastewater and forms as residuals in soils, both enhances N and P leaching, especially higher enhancement was observed in P leaching.②Two kinds existing ways of SBDS showed a better inhibiting effect on the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus of lettuce than TX-100. SDBS leaching treatment decreased the total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content of lettuce by23.06%and20.25%respectively in yellow soils, and by12.27%and12.70%in purple soils. TX-100leaching treatment decreased the total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content of lettuce by14.62%and13.72%respectively in yellow soils, and by8.98%and9.14%in purple soils. SDBS of soil treatment decreased the total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content of lettuce by20.79%and15.21%respectively in yellow soils, and by9.68%and11.34%in purple soils. TX-100of soil treatment decreased the total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content of lettuce by15.89%and10.44%respectively in yellow soils, and by7.12%and9.48%in purple soils.③Two kinds existing ways of surfactant enhanced nitrate N and TN leaching, which SBDS showed a better performance. After10weeks, total leaching amount of TN from yellow and purple soils both increased by35.52%and35.79%respectively in SDBS leaching treatment, and by36.06%and36.41%for nitrate N. On the other hand, in TX-100leaching treatment, in yellow and purple soils, total cumulative N leaching increased by23.14%and25.62%, and increasing by21.77%and25.76%for nitrate N. After10weeks, total cumulative leaching of TN from yellow and purple soils both increased by67.59%and70.72%respectively in SDBS of soil treatment, and by65.04%and66.72%for nitrate N. On the other hand, in TX-100of soil treatment, in yellow and purple soils, total cumulative N leaching increased by31.76%and46.04%, and increasing by31.22%and41.79%for nitrate N.④Two kinds existing ways of TX-100enhanced ammonium N leaching, and more significant enhancement was observed in purple soil rather than in yellow soil. After10weeks, total cumulative leaching of ammonium N from yellow and purple soils both increased by12.58%and18.49%respectively in TX-100leaching treatment, and by42.08%and45.76%in TX-100of soil treatment.⑤Effects of SDBS leaching treatment on ammonium N leaching changed from enhancement to inhibition, but SDBS of soil treatment enhanced invariably ammonia N cumulative leaching. After10weeks, total cumulative leaching of ammonium N from yellow and purple soils both decreased by7.11%and 7.55%respectively in SDBS leaching treatment, but increased by68.16%and64.28%respectively in SDBS leaching treatment.⑥Two kinds of current ways of surfactant application both enhanced total P leaching. Similar effects of both types of surfactants were observed in yellow soils, but higher enhancement in purple soils was found with SDBS than TX-100. SDBS and TX-100leaching treatment increased total cumulative leaching of TP by22.50%and22.25%respectively in yellow soils, and by27.64%and23.52%respectively in purple soils. SDBS and TX-100of soil treatments increased total cumulative leaching of TP in leaching by25.98%and25.16%in yellow soils respectively, and by32.85%and28.95%in purple soils respectively.⑦When the same surfactant applied, total leaching amount of N and P was higher in purple than yellow soils. More significant enhancement of SDBS and TX-100was observed in purple soil rather than in yellow soil.In conclusion,①SDBS and TX-100both enhanced N and P leaching to aggravate the risk of water eutrophication, which was independent of whether plants existed.②In sum, compared with TX-100, SDBS has more negative impact on utilization for N and P uptake of plants and showed better promoting effects on N and P leaching.③The comparison of effects on migration of N and P affected by two kinds existing ways of surfactant showed that enhancement of total N and nitrate N leaching were observed in the two kinds existing ways of surfactant. Surfactants in soil showed a better performance than surfactants solution leaching.④The comparison of two soils showed that total leaching amount of N and P was higher in purple than yellow soils. More significant enhancement of surfactants was observed in purple soil rather than in yellow soil.更多还原