【作者】 裴一璞；

【导师】 张文；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 历史地理学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 食盐是宋元时期四川地区最为重要的民生资源之一,在当地社会政治、经济、文化、民族关系中扮演了重要角色。宋元时期又是四川盐业生产、技术变革的重要时期,在川盐历史地理与盐业史研究中具有重要地位与意义。本选题将其做为研究资源历史地理的一种重要视角选择,一方面是源于通过一种地方重要资源探析其所引发的社会各群体之间的互动,进而引发资源与人类社会关系的思考；另一方面是源于历史地理学科的研究要尝试多种研究方法的交叉结合,不仅要单纯研究其地理分布,还要分析现象背后所反映的社会关系,掌握其发展变化的规律,以实现研究视角的创新。同时从食盐本身来看,现有的研究多是一种单纯盐业史的研究,主要注重研究盐政史、盐业科技史、盐文化、盐业考古以及盐业研究综述等；同样缺乏食盐做为一种地方重要资源所触发的社会群体间的互动分析。本选题通过尝试运用多学科的综合,通过探求新问题、新观点、新材料、新方法尝试对盐业研究的创新之处。宋元时期是四川卓筒井发明、发展的重要时期,凿井技术的进步带来了食盐产量的迅速增加,提升了川盐在全国食盐市场的地位与份额。同时食盐做为当地一种重要的资源,关乎国计民生,触发地方群体间为争夺盐权展开更加激烈的博弈。本选题首先介绍了该期川盐的分布与变迁,其中涉及了川盐的分类,以及在全国范围内所占的地位,并对历史及今人的相关产地统计进行了归纳。通过分析认为,这些统计对川盐研究提供了重要数据参考,但也存在一些问题。同时针对前人单纯食盐产地分布研究的不足,细化并弥补其具体盐井位置,新增了盐井属性、盐井结构、产量、盐课、开凿、兴废、技术等方面的内容。对前人关注较少的元代川盐产地及相关情况也进行了相关探讨,并与宋代进行了相关对比,以了解川盐的动态发展。通过对宋元时期四川食盐市场与交通的地理研究,认为该期全国食盐实行政府“划界行盐”的专卖政策,买卖未经官方允许不得相互流通,违者视为私盐。但不同时期官方政策的执行措施不一,又为各盐区之间的流通提供了契机,对川盐区而言尤其如此。因此川盐市场是一个既相对封闭,同全国其他盐区相比又不失开放的市场。川盐区的食盐贸易包含内、外两个市场,其运输则充分利用了当地便利的水运条件,因此水运要远重于陆运。宋元时期食盐做为政府财利之源,所谓“川峡四路盐课,县官之所仰给”,控制食盐便可获得丰厚的盐利,首先成为官方之间争夺的对象。为管理四川盐业,官方设置了众多盐官机构,既包括州、县级,也包括路、省级。这些不同职能的盐官机构的存在,既保证了政府盐课的增加,也造成盐官之间针对盐权的争夺,使其官方间的盐权博弈在地区间呈现更加多样化和激烈化的趋势。宋元时期食盐对四川民间社会的重要性同样导致了官民之间针对盐权的博弈,四川官方对盐权的垄断造成了官民之间的冲突。民间为寻求食盐利益不可避免地进行反抗,这种反抗主要包括行为层面及社会舆论的营造上。如民间食盐的私贩及偷开私井、通过社会舆论鞭挞盐官贪苛等,以寻得食盐需求的满足。官方针对民间的反抗,为保障盐区秩序的稳定,也会通过一些政策调整来进行缓解。通过官民之间的盐权博弈,官方对双方的食盐利益都有所照顾,有利于实现地区盐权秩序的稳定。随着隋唐以来商品经济的发展和士民财富观念的增长,宋元时期食盐在四川成为地方豪民介入社会事务的重要目标之一。豪民是介于官与民之间的角色扮演,绝大部分不属官方,但却与其保持密切联系,其作用发挥及影响主要在民间。豪民在四川盐区的行为表现突出为“豪横”,由此与普通民众的食盐利益发生冲突,进而导致两者之间的盐权博弈。豪民的身份构成众多、分布广泛,在川盐区的介入多呈现一种破坏作用。官方既与其相勾结,共同欺压盐民;有时为寻求四川盐区秩序之稳定,也会对其进行限制,并采取措施缓和豪、民之间的冲突。宋元时期四川盐区周边少数民族众多,食盐成为调节民族关系的重要工具,汉族及其官方与西南少数民族之间针对盐权的博弈亦由此展开。该期四川族群盐权博弈的焦点集中在川东南、川南、川西三大区域。因汉族官方实施的食盐垄断政策,少数民族食盐需求难以满足,同时四川盐井的开发也是少数民族被逐步边缘化的过程。少数民族为寻求食盐利益和应对边缘化,主要采用军事掠夺的方式相对抗。这其中既包括少数民族对汉地盐井及食盐的抢掠,也包括双方因食盐问题进行的军事对抗。汉族官方为寻求与少数民族盐权博弈的妥协,在加强盐区防御的同时,通过食盐进行羁縻,并加强贸易往来,实现双赢。这些措施的实行,有效缓解了各民族之间因食盐问题而产生的冲突与对抗,有利于盐区的安定与民族关系的缓和。宋元时期在四川盐区因食盐与人们的生活息息相关,自古就食盐的崇拜形成各种信仰,在全川形成一个广大的信仰文化圈。另外官方发现通过营造食盐信仰可以更好的实现对地方社会的控制,因此也支持、推动盐神信仰圈的形成。四川盐神信仰内容丰富,涉及地区极为广泛,既包括官方盐神信仰,也包括民间盐神信仰,这两种方式的信仰也暗含了官民双方在意识形态的博弈。通过各自盐神的塑造以彰显自身盐权享有的合理性,并排斥对方对盐权的控制。同时这种盐神信仰圈的形成,也代表了官民双方信仰博弈中的缓和与调整。官方通过妥协的方式对民间盐神信仰通过赐封、改造或转化,使其成为双方共同认可的盐神。民间也在官方的利益让步下,表现为对官方盐权分配的信仰认同,以此完成当地信仰圈的形成。综合来看,宋元时期四川食盐以其在区域社会中的重要性与不可替代性,引发了社会各群体间以盐权利益为内容而展开的形式各异的博弈。在社会群体的博弈中,各方通过冲突与妥协,最终寻得一种合理的盐权分配秩序,完成盐区社会的有序与稳定。更多还原

【Abstract】 The salt was one of the important livelihood resources in the Sichuan region during the Song and Yuan Dynasty, played an important role in the local social and political, economic, cultural, ethnic relations. During the Song and Yuan Dynasty was an important period of Sichuan salt production and technological changed, had an important status and significance in the history of Sichuan salt and history of geography. This paper will researched resources for historical geography is an important perspective, on the one hand was derived from the interaction between the social groups by a local important resource, then triggered the thought on the relationship between resources and human society; on the other hand was derived from the combination of historical geography to studied try a variety of research methods, not only on its geographical distribution, but also analyzed the phenomenon reflects the social relations, grasped the law of development and change, in order to realized the innovation of research perspective.At the same time with salt itself, the existed research was the study of simple salty historical, the main attention was paid to the salt industry history, history of science and technology, salt culture, archaeological and research summary introduction etc. There was a lack of salt for interactive analysis of triggering an important resource of local social groups. This thesis attempted to use multi-disciplinary, by exploring new problems, new ideas, new material and new method to study the innovation of salt industry.During the Song and Yuan Dynasty was an important period in Sichuan about Zhuotongjing technology invention and development, brought the rapid increase in salt production, promoted the status and share the Sichuan salt in the salt market. As an important resources, salt was beneficial to the people’s livelihood, triggering local groups compete for the right to salt more intense. This paper first introduced the distribution and change of the Sichuan salt, which relates to the classification of the Sichuan salt, as well as the status which occupies in the nationwide, and statistics related to historical origin and people were summarized. Through the analysis, these statistics provide important reference data for the study of the Sichuan salt, but there were some problems. Aimed at the shortcomings of previous study on distribution of pure salt, refined salt and compensate their specific position, add salt, salt production, structure, output, salt, tax, excavate, blossom and eclipse, technology and other aspects. To the Sichuan salt less attention in Yuan dynasty about position and related conditions were also discussed, and compared with those of the Song Dynasty, to understand the dynamic development of Sichuan salt. Through the market and traffic on the Song and Yuan Dynasty, the national government carried out the monopoly policy, salt business without permission were not mutually circulation, offenders as fast-fingered salt. But the official policy in different periods of enforcement measures not one, also provided an opportunity for the salt area of circulation, especially for the Sichuan salt area. Therefore, the Sichuan salt market was a relatively closed, and not to lose the open market compared with other salt national. The Sichuan salt district traded contains two internal and external market, the transportation was convenient to made full use of local water conditions, water should be more important than land.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties salt as government profit source, controlling salt can obtain the rich salt profits, so it became the object of the official competition between. For management of Sichuan salt, officially set up numerous salt official institutions, not only including the state, but also including provincial. These different functions of salt official institutions, both to ensure the government’s tax increase, also caused the dispute, make its official between salt game showed more diversification and intensification in trend.The importance of Sichuan salt of civil society in the Song and Yuan dynasty also lead to salt game between government and society. Sichuan official with to salt monopoly caused by the conflict between the government and the people. Folk to seek inevitable salt resistance, the resistance mainly included created behavior level and the social public opinion. Such as private salt traffic and excavated private wells, through social media whips salt official corruption seriously, in search of salt to meet demand. The official in the folk rebellion, in order to guarantee the stability of salt District, will be to ease the folk against by policy adjustments. The game between government and the people of salt by the official, all took care of both salt interests, conducive to the realization of the right to order stable salt.With the development of commodity economy and the people’s concept of wealth growth since the Tang Dynasty, salt had became one of the most important goals of local lord participate in social affairs in Sichuan. Lord was between the government and people, most were not official, but maintained close contact, its role and influence in the folk. The lord in the Sichuan salt zone behavior mainly as bully, thus with ordinary people the same salt interests conflict, resulted in the game between the two. Lord identity of numerous, widely distributed, in Sichuan salt area of intervention often presents a destructive effect. The official both their collusion oppressed people; sometimes stable seek order Sichuan salt areas, will also be restrictions on them, and took measures to eased the conflict between lord and people.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties Sichuan salt area surrounding many minorities, salt had become an important tool for adjusting the national relation, between the Han and the official to the southwest minority game. The Sichuan group games mainly in the southeast, southern and west departments. By Han official implementation of the salt monopoly policy, minority salt to meet the demand, while the development of Sichuan salt was minority gradually marginalized. Minority interests for salt and deal with marginalization, mainly by the military plunder. The relative resistance included the minority robbed and the military confrontation sides because of the salt. The official to seek salt game compromise to minority, strengthened the salt zone defense and took the relax measures. The implementation of these measures, effectively alleviate the salt between different ethnic groups because of conflicts and confrontation, was conducive to the stability and unity of the salt district.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the sale were closely related with people’s life in the Sichuan area, since ancient times salt worship forms of all faiths, formed a vast belief culture. Another official found by creating salt belief can control the area society better, therefore also support, promoted the formation of the belief circle. Sichuan salt belief was rich in content, involving the area was very extensive, included both the official salt god belief, including folk salt god belief, this two kinds of faith also implied the officials and people on both sides of the ideology of the game. By shaping their rationality to show its salt right, at the same time, this kind of salt divinity belief circle formation also represented the compromised. The official through the compromise to folk belief in though granted, modification or transformation, make it became a recognized by both. Folk admitted the official salt right in faith, to completed the local salt god belief circle.In general, salt as an importance resource in Sichuan society at Song and Yuan Dynasties, caused the social groups in the game between salt content and the interests of the different forms. In the game of social groups, all through the conflict and compromise, eventually finding a reasonable salt right distribution order, complete the social order and stability of salt.更多还原