【作者】 程诗敏；

【导师】 田国秀；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 思想政治教育， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 伴随着现代化进程和全球化发展,人类已经悄然进入世界风险社会。在世界风险社会,风险取代危险成为安全的对立面,“我饿”的威胁被“我怕”的恐惧所取代。因此,当风险成为我们这个社会不可规避的时代境遇,风险社会中的安全问题就成为人类的首要需求和基本价值观,安全的价值在风险社会被提升到一个前所未有的高度,安全问题在风险社会背景下具有了特定的意义而受到特别的关注。然而究竟“何谓安全”?对“安全”概念的厘定显然成为我们研究讨论问题的基础和起点。事实上,在一般意义上讲,安全本质上是人的安全,它是安全的底线和核心,兼具自然属性和人文属性这两个方面。它既包括一种主观感觉,又包括一种客观状态,即主观上不存在恐惧、客观上不存在威胁的一种相对状态。大学生作为青年人中的一个特殊群体,其自身的安全问题历来受到社会和人们的高度关注。而近些年多发、频发的大学校园安全事故,除了社会环境、校园管理等方面的客观因素之外,更多地暴露了大学生安全素质缺失这一根本性问题。受中国现有的教育、管理体制的影响,大学生的安全素质问题,这个在国外中小学教育阶段已经基本解决的问题,到中国的大学阶段反而成为一个制约大学生发展的重要问题。当前大学生安全素质不容乐观甚至堪忧的现状,对风险社会背景下提升大学生安全素质的重要性和紧迫性提出了新的挑战。风险社会视域下的大学生安全素质,具有特定的时代内涵：大学生安全素质是指大学生在特定的社会时代条件下(风险社会背景下),为了防范和应对可能影响学习生活甚至危及身心健康的各类风险因素,以及为实现其自身更好地健康生存和全面自由发展,充分发挥内在潜能和主观能动性,通过教育训练和社会实践而形成的安全意识、安全知识和安全技能等方面所达到的质量和水平,它内在地包含着“树立风险意识、学会风险生存、促进风险发展、实现风险规避”这四个构成要素。“树立风险意识”,这是提升大学生安全素质的首要任务。在风险社会背景下,风险意识被赋予了“启蒙”维度的重要意义。“树立风险意识”就是要求大学生必须牢固树立正确的风险理念,客观认识现实世界中的风险景象：风险作为一种社会现象既有历史根源,也有现实原因；既是挑战,也是机遇；既有可能造成危害,也有可能实现一定程度的规避。而忧患意识、反思意识、责任意识、主体意识、竞争与合作意识,则构成了风险社会背景下大学生风险意识的基本内容。“学会风险生存”,彰显了风险社会背景下提升大学生安全素质的现实必要。风险生存给大学生安全带来的影响是全方位的。从客观世界外在风险源的增多,到大学生内在心理认同危机的出现,从本体性安全,到存在性焦虑,都彰显了风险生存对大学生安全影响的无所不在。而当风险生存已然成为风险社会的一种生存常态,“学会风险生存”就成为时代对大学生提出的客观要求。“学会风险生存”就是要求大学生要充分认识风险社会中的风险本质,树立风险理念,在此基础上努力培养健康体魄和良好心态,积极掌握安全知识和安全技能,从而为应对风险生存奠定坚实基础。“促进风险发展”,隐喻着提升大学生安全素质的实践可能。从根本上讲,风险发展就是要实现人对风险的现实超越。这种现实超越,既是对人在风险社会这一特定时代背景下发展困境的适应和突破,又是人类自身发展的一种新的形式。对大学生而言,发展存在着现实的风险和困境,但风险发展在实践中是可能的。“促进风险发展”就是要求大学生要突破风险社会背景下的发展困境,大胆创新,勇于迎接现实生活中的困难和挑战,努力在风险社会的“不确定性”中寻找新的“确定性”,在对个体生活的反思性选择中较好地把握人生“富有命运特征的时刻”,逐渐摆脱发展困境,不断实现对现实风险的超越,从而促进“自我实现”的实现,促进自身的全面自由发展和社会的发展进步。“实现风险规避”,为提升大学生安全素质提供了现实的路径选择。当风险成为我们生活中“作为常规的例外”,对风险的规避就成为人类共同的时代责任和现实话题。风险规避对提升大学生安全素质而言,现实路径是多维的。从宏观视角来看,国家是风险社会中最主要的责任主体,因而建立责任政府,加强风险复合治理,实际上就是强化落实风险责任,为提升大学生安全素质奠定扎实社会基础,营造良好有序的宏观社会环境。从中观视角来看,高校创建“平安校园”的工作实践,从形式上看是强化校园安全管理的一种重要手段,但从本质上讲,创建“平安校园”的核心目标就是服务于大学生成长成才,为提升大学生安全素质提供平台和抓手。从微观视角来看,提升大学生安全素质关乎大学生未来在风险社会条件下能否顺利实现风险生存和风险发展,是大学生实现风险规避的基本保障,因而超越风险,已然成为大学生的内在追求。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the modernization and globalization, human has quietly entered the world risk society. In the world risk society, risk replaced dangerous as the opposite of security, the threat of "I’m hungry" replaced by the fear of "I am afraid". Therefore, when risk is that our society cannot evade the era of the situation, the security problems in risk society have become the primary needs of humanity and basic values, the value of a security in the risk society be promoted to an unprecedented height, safety issues under the background of risk society has a particular significance to special attention.However,"what is the security"? Definition of the concept of "security" obviously becomes the basis and starting point of discussion questions. In fact, in general sense, security is essentially the safety to the people, it is the core and the bottom line, which has two aspects of natural and humanistic attribute. It includes both a subjective feeling, but also a kind of objective condition, namely a relative state which has no fear to subjective, no threat to objective.As a special group of young people, university students’ safety problem has always been influenced by the society and people’s high attention. Frequent and more in recent years, the university campus safety accidents, in addition to the social environment, the campus management, and other aspects of the objective factors, more exposed the lack of university student’ safety quality of the fundamental problems. Under the current education of China, the influence of the management system, the safety of the university student’ quality problem, the stage of primary and secondary school education abroad has been basically solved the problem, the Chinese university stage has become an important problem restricting the development of university student. The present status of safety quality of contemporary university student is not optimistic and even worrying, under the background of risk society improve university student’safety quality the importance and urgency of proposed the new challenge. The university student’ quality of safety under the background of risk society has a specific connotation of the era, university student’ safety quality refers to the university student in the era of particular social conditions (under the background of risk society), in order to prevent and deal with may affect learning life and even endanger the health of body and mind of all kinds of risk factors, and to realize its own survival and comprehensive free development to better health, internal potential and subjective initiative into full play, through education and training and social practice and form of security awareness, knowledge and skills of the quality and level, it inherently contains the "set up the risk awareness, learn to survive risk, promote the development of risk, risk aversion" these four elements."Set up the risk awareness," that is the primary task to improve the safety quality of university students. Under the background of risk society, risk awareness is endowed with the significance of "enlightenment" dimension."Set up the risk awareness" is requires university students to firmly establish a correct concept of risk, objectively understand risk in the real world scene:as a social phenomenon, risk has both historical roots and practical reasons; both challenges and opportunities; which not only cause harm, but also can achieve some degree of aversion. Suffering consciousness and rethinking consciousness, responsibility consciousness and subject consciousness, competition and cooperation consciousness, then constitutes the basic content of university student’ risk awareness under the background of risk society."Learn to survive risk", reveals that under the background of risk society to improve the safety quality of university students is necessary. Survival risk to the safety of the impact of university students is a full range of. From the external risk source of the objective world to the emergence of university students’ inner psychological identity crisis, from the ontological security, to the existential angst, highlights the risks exist ubiquitous influence on university student’ safety. And when risk has become one of the risk society survival condition, learn to survive risk has become the objective requirement of the era of university student put forward."Learn to survive risk" is to ask students to fully understand the nature of risk society, establish a good risk awareness, and on the basis of efforts to cultivate good health and good attitude, to master the risk survival safety knowledge and skills to deal with the risk lay a solid foundation for survival."Promote the development of risk," metaphor for the possibility of practice to improve the safety quality of university students. Fundamentally, risk development is to realize the risk beyond the reality. This reality beyond, is not only to people under the specific background of risk society adapt to the development dilemma and breakthrough, is a new form of human own development. For university student, there is a real risk of development and difficulties, but the risk of development in practice is possible."Promote the development of risk" is to ask students to break through the risk under the background of social development, to innovate boldly, to meet the difficulties and challenges in real life, to look for a new "certainty" from the "uncertainty" in the risk society, in the individual life of reflective choice better grasp life "moment" full of fate features, gradually get rid of the development predicament, realize the risk of reality, unceasingly to promote the realization of "self-realization", promote the overall development of itself and the development and progress of the society."Risk aversion", in order to promote university student1safety quality provides a realistic path choice. When risk is our life "as a general exception", the risk aversion becomes the realistic responsibility and era of humanity’s common topic. The risk aversion to improve university student’safety quality, has multi-dimensional realistic paths. From a macro perspective, the country is the most main, the main responsibility of the risk society and thus to establish responsible government, to strengthen risk compound management, is actually to strengthen the implementation of risk responsibility, in order to promote university students’safety quality lay a solid social foundation, create a good and orderly macro social environment. From the micro perspective, to create "safe campus" work practice in colleges and universities, from the form is a kind of important means of strengthening the management of campus safety, but in essence, to create "safe campus" core goal is to serve the student’s growth, to improve university student’s safety quality provide platform and gripper. From microscopic perspective, improving university student’safety quality is about the basic guarantee of university student to survive risk and develop risk in the future, the leading factor in the risk aversion for university students, and thus beyond the risk, which has become a university student the inner pursuit of the individual.更多还原