【作者】 张宇；

【导师】 佟子林；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江中医药大学 ， 中医医史文献， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 中国是一个有着几千年灿烂历史的文明古国,经历了原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、半殖民地半封建社会的兴亡,又建立了社会主义社会。中国医政随着中国社会性质的变迁几经沉浮。时至今日,研究国家昔日的医政发展,梳理其过程、总结其特点、探索其规律、吸收其精华,定能从中得到启示,收获良策。本文总结了中国医政发展的历史：古代医政以原始社会为开端,医政孕育于原始人类盲目的医学实践过程中,以西周医事制度的建立为萌芽,在秦汉时期奠定了封建社会高度集权的医政基础。魏晋南北朝承袭前朝,创立专门机构,颁布法令而促进其发展。医政至隋唐五代时期逐步完善,从而在两宋繁荣发展,达到成熟。辽金元时期,政权根据时局需要,不断吸取有益经验,重视医政交融。明清由盛转衰,医政渐渐废弛。随着鸦片战争的开始,我国由封建社会进入到半殖民地半封建社会,传统医政成为历史,近现代医政拉开帷幕。在社会主义新中国成立以后,我国医政不断探索,在曲折中发展前进。我国医政的发展是一个复杂的过程,无论是在古代,还是在近现代,它的发展过程都具有相似性：每个阶段,医政管理对象一致,医政都是汲取了过去的经验,并加以革新。医政组织以中央为核心,医政资源具有不公平性。虽然这些相似性存在于医政发展的每个时期,但这并不是简单的重复,在不同的社会发展阶段,医政具有各自不同的特点。中国古代医政以皇权为中心,医政管理始于中央而后推广至地方,先产生医官后成立医政组织,医政组织不断细化,医官人数也不断壮大,传统的封建思想渗透到医政的发展之中。近代医政的发展具有转折性,初步确立政府在医疗保障中的作用,着重培养人民的健康意识。现代医政的发展受到政府和市场关系的影响,对疾病的预防控制和医疗保障更加重视。因此,我国必须建立统一协调的医政体系,合理设置医学教育课程,增强对医生的继续教育,加大对中医药事业的扶持力度,发展政府福利性公共卫生事业,充分发挥国家领导者在医政发展中的积极作用,使我国医政管理更加完善,促进卫生事业的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an ancient civilization with several thousand years’brilliant history, China has experienced rise and fall of primitive society, slave society, feudal society and semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and then established socialist society. With various changes of Chinese social nature, Chinese medical administration has gone through several ups and downs. Up to this day, we will certainly attain enlightenment and obtain sound strategies through studying the past development of medical administration of China, teasing its process, summarizing its characteristics, exploring its laws and absorbing its essence.The paper summarizes the development history of Chinese medical administration. Ancient medical administration began with primitive society. Medical administration was bred in the process of blind medical practice of primitive men, sprouted with establishment of medical system in the Western Zhou Dynasty and laid the foundation of highly centralized feudal society during Qin and Han Dynasty. Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties inherited the former dynasties, set up specialized agencies and issued decrees so as to promote the development of medical administration. Till Sui and Tang Dynasty, medical administration was gradually perfected, experienced prosperity and development in the Song Dynasty and got mature. During Liao, Jin and Yuan periods, minority regimes were adept in absorbing experience and emphasized on blending of medical administration. In Ming and Qing dynasties, medical administration changed from victory to failure and gradually ceased to be binding. With the beginning of the Opium War, China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from feudal society. Traditional medical administration was consigned to history and modern medical administration raised the curtain. Since establishment of socialist new China, Chinese medical administration has ceaselessly explored, developed and moved forward amidst twists and turns.The development of Chinese medical administration is a complicated process. Whether in ancient times or in modern times, its development process has similarities. At every stage, the managed objects of medical administration are consistent. Based on absorbing the past experience, medical administration resorts to innovation. Organizations of medical administration take central authorities as the core. Resources of medical administration have nature of unfairness. Though these similarities exist in every stage of the development of medical administration, they are not simple repetition. In different stages of social development, medical administration still possesses different characteristics.Ancient medical administration in China centered on imperial power. Management of medical administration dated from central authorities and was popularized in various places. Organizations of medical administration were established after medical officials appeared. With increasing refinement of organizations of medical administration and growing number of medical officials, traditional feudal thought was penetrated into the development of medical administration. The development of modern medical administration is transitional, which preliminarily establishes the role of the government in medical insurance and emphasizes on cultivating health consciousness of people. Influenced by the government and market relationship, the development of modern medical administration pays more attention to prevention and control of diseases and medical insurance.Therefore, China has to establish unified and coordinated system of medical administration, reasonably arranges courses of medical education, strengthens continuing education of doctors, increases support for career of traditional Chinese medicine, plays the positive role of the national leaders and develops welfare public health of the government to better perfect management of medical administration in China and promote the development of health service.更多还原