【作者】 张寅玲；

【导师】 白中科； 周伟；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质大学（北京） ， 土地资源管理， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 露天矿区作为人类活动剧烈扰动区域，受煤矿开采的影响，土地原地表形态发生显著变化，土壤、植被遭到破坏，热环境效应显著增强。本文以平朔露天矿区为研究对象，以1987年、1996年、2001年、2005年、2010年和2013年的遥感影像为数据源，在遥感技术和GIS技术的支持下，系统分析了1987-2013年间的土地扰动类型、植被覆盖、地表温度以及土壤湿度在开采过程中的空间分布情况和动态变化过程，并基于获取的遥感信息，选取适当指标，对已复垦区域进行遥感生态效应评价。本文的主要研究结论如下：（1）开采活动的频度和强度决定了土地扰动类型的变化程度和变化方向。根据平朔露天矿区的开采特点，将研究区分为2个一级地类和5个二级地类，通过遥感影像解译得出：从1987年到2013年，剥离区面积增加6.32km2，露天采坑增加11.30km2，工业场地增加8.27km2，未复垦排土场增加17.69km2，已复垦排土场增加14.58km2。各扰动土地的变化方向与开采方向基本一致。（2）开采活动对植被以及植被的生长环境造成极大破坏，而复垦工作则通过植被种植改善矿山生态环境。基于遥感影像计算了研究区的植被指数和植被覆盖度，1987-2013年间，已复垦排土场的NDVI值最高，未扰动区域的NDVI值其次，露天采坑的NDVI值最低，而未复垦排土场、剥离区和工业场地的NDVI值相近，高覆盖度（80%-100%）的面积增加10.7km2，中覆盖度（40%-80%）的面积增加3.02km2，低覆盖度植被（0%-40%）的面积减少13.65km2。（3）研究区地表覆盖状况变化以及开采活动强度引起区域热环境变化。地表温度作为反映热环境的重要指标，可通过Landsat卫星的热红外波段反演得到。从1987到2010年，地表平均温度增加了13.14℃，地表温度最高值主要出现在露天采坑和工业场地区域，最低值出现在已复垦排土场和未扰动区域中。扰动强度和扰动范围影响了地表温度空间分布的均衡性，低温区域与高温区域存在激烈博弈。（4）在土地扰动类型、植被、降雨、地形以及人类活动等多重因素的共同作用下，土壤结构以及土壤水分都会受到影响。通过遥感影像反演得到研究区土壤湿度信息，1987-2010年间，潮湿、湿润和正常区域的面积呈“减少-增多-减少-增多”交替出现的特征；在已复垦排土场区域，土壤湿度呈正常偏湿润状态；在潮湿和湿润区域，已复垦排土场的保水能力好于未复垦排土场。（5）将研究区的地形高程、植被指数、地表温度和土壤湿度等遥感信息作为评价因子，探讨了复垦区的生态效应评价模型，通过评价因子叠置得到评价图，2001-2010年间，已复垦排土场的生态质量逐步提高。更多还原

【Abstract】 Due to mining activities, open cast mine area has experienced a dramaticalterations in land surface. Meanwhile, soil and vegetation is destructed, and thermalenvironment effect is enhanced there. With application of remote sensing and GIS,this paper analyses the spatial distribution and change in land disturbed type,vegetation, land surface temperature and soil moisture from1987to2013. Moreover,it assessed the quality of reclamation based on above information. Landsat data isderived from1987,1996,2005,20012005,2010and2013. The main conclusions areas follows:(1) Frequency and intensity of mining activities determines the change degreeand change direction of land disturbance type. According to the characteristics ofmining activities in Pingshuo open cast area, the study area is divided into twoprimary types and five secondary types. Based on the remote sensing imageinterpretation, results are concluded that, from1987to2013, the excavated land areaincreased by6.32km2, the open-pit area increased by11.3km2, the industrial areaincreased by8.27km2, the un-reclaimed dump increased by17.69km2, the reclaimeddump increased by14.58km2. The change of each disturbed type happened with thesame direction of mining activities.(2) Mining activities disrupt both the vegetation and the vegetation growingcondition. While mine reclamation is carried out by planting vegetation with the aimof improving the natural environment. NDVI and vegetation fraction is calculatedfrom Landsat image. From1987to2013, the highest value of NDVI is found inreclaimed dump. The second highest value is found in un-disturbed area. The lowestvalue is found in open-pit. The value of NDVI in un-reclaimed dump, excavated areaand industry area is similar. The area shows a10.7km2increase in vegetation fractionfrom80%to100%, a3.02km2increase in vegetation fraction from40%to80%, and a13.65km2decrease in vegetation fraction from0%to40%.(3)Thermal environment is influenced by the change in land surface and theintensity of mining activities. Land surface temperature, as an important indicator ofthermal environment, can be retrieved from thermal band of Landsat image. From1987to2010, the mean land surface temperature increased by13.14℃. The highestvalue is found in the open-pit area and industrial area and the lowest value is found inthe reclaimed dump and un-disturbed land. The balance of the spatial distribution is influenced by the intensity and scope of disturbance. A game relationship existsbetween high-temperature area and low-temperature area.(4) Soil structure and soil moisture is affected under the combine effect of landuse types, vegetation, rainfall, topography and human activities. Soil moisture wasobtained from Landsat images. From1987to2010, the scope of damp area, moistarea and normal area shows a decreasing-increasing-decreasing-increasing trend. Inreclaimed dump, soil moisture is in a moist and normal state. In moist area and damparea, the water retention capacity in reclaimed dump is better than un-reclaimeddump.(5) Based on the factors, such as DEM, NDVI, land surface temperature and soilmoisture, an assessment model is established for ecological effect assessment. Allevaluation factors are used to generate an evaluation map with an overlay approach.From2001to2010, the effect of land reclamation is positive in reclaimed-dump.更多还原