【作者】 胡艺华；

【导师】 彭继红；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 在中国的语境下,马克思主义哲学大众化绝不是一个虚构的幻影,而是一个已经存在了近百年并不断得以推进的历史过程。从19世纪末20世纪初马克思主义哲学最早传入中国,人们就开始尝试“哲学到大众去”,在中国共产党的推动下,这样的探索和实践一刻也不曾停止过。在马克思主义哲学大众化的历程中,曾有过数次历史性突进,其中建国后十七年这一段无疑是最具代表性的,中国共产党第一次作为执政党,在全党全国范围内系统地开展了一场声势浩大的马克思主义哲学大众化运动,开创出了一条与当时历史环境相适应的,具有中国特色的哲学大众化之路,堪称马克思主义哲学大众化历史上的一个成功典范。在科学解读马克思主义哲学大众化命题的前提下,按照历史与逻辑相结合的原则,对建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化运动的历史背景、演进历程、文本、主体、路径方法进行比较全面而系统的考察,力图突破目前学界对建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化研究中的那种流于简单介绍的状况,全面梳理、公正评述建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化运动,总结提炼建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化的经验和教训、启示,从而为当代中国推进马克思主义哲学大众化提供有益的历史参照。一、对马克思主义哲学大众化这一命题内涵的科学界定和准确把握,是系统研究建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化的一个基本理论前提。“马克思主义哲学大众化”概念的形成和发展经历四个阶段：初步形成：“五四运动”至20世纪30年代；明确提出：20世纪30年代至新中国成立；不断深化：新中国成立至改革开放前；创新发展：改革开放以后至今。界定马克思主义哲学大众化内涵,首先需要从三个方面进行辨正,即与马克思主义大众化区别开来,与马克思主义哲学通俗化区别开来,与马克思主义哲学中国化联系起来。马克思主义哲学大众化的内涵是：马克思主义哲学与人民大众之间的双向互动；马克思主义哲学理论与人民大众实践活动的有机结合；推动马克思主义哲学发展的主体由社会精英到人民大众的逐步扩展。二、建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化,一方面有其历史必然性：巩固中国共产党执政地位的思想基础；在意识形态领域确立马克思主义哲学主导地位的必然要求；探索社会主义革命和建设道路的理论准备；对广大干部、知识分子和人民大众进行理论武装的根本举措。另一方面有一系列有利条件：政治保障：共产党执掌国家政权；理论基础：毛泽东哲学思想日趋走向成熟；强大动力：党中央领导集体的高度重视。此外,还应看到苏联对建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化的影响：重要动因：对苏联经验的学习；重要条件：与苏联哲学界的互动；重要动力：对苏联模式弊端的反思。三、建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化大致可分为两个阶段：1949年至1956年,马克思主义哲学大众化开启和初见成效的阶段,马克思主义哲学大众化是在政治与哲学良性互动中得以比较顺利地推进,期间主要有三个重大行动：大力宣传并组织广大干部群众学习马克思主义哲学；开展主要针对知识分子的“思想改造”运动；在学术领域广泛发动以弘扬马克思主义哲学为主旨的哲学批判活动。1956年至1966年,马克思主义哲学大众化深入而曲折发展的阶段,马克思主义哲学大众化是在政治与哲学发生偏离的复杂环境中向前推进,成功与失误、经验与教训交织在一起,其中比较突出的事件主要是：理论界对马克思主义哲学的系统化宣传；工农兵学哲学、用哲学活动的兴起；活学活用毛泽东思想运动的开展。四、建国后十七年产生并应用大量具有时代特点、顺应民众需求、彰显中国特色的马克思主义哲学文本,主要包括经典性文本、解释性文本、介绍性文本等三种形式。文本的使用有四个特点：在注重引进的基础上更加强调文本的中国化；在传承经典的基础上更加强调文本的时代性；在加强学理性的同时更加强调文本的通俗性；在遵循一般性的同时,更加强调文本的针对性。从马克思主义哲学大众化的视角,对五个具有代表性的文本进行简要分析,即毛泽东的《实践论》与《矛盾论》,李达的《<实践论>解说》和《(矛盾论>解说》、艾思奇的《辩证唯物主义历史唯物主义》、冯契的《怎样认识世界》、人民出版社编辑出版的《工农兵学哲学用哲学》。五、建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化是一个由党的领袖、哲学工作者、人民大众共同参与、协同配合的系统工程。党的领袖起引领作用,主要是通过亲自倡导和组织发动全国性的哲学学习宣传运动,不断为马克思主义哲学大众化运动投放新理论,带头把哲学理论转化为领导方法和工作方法；哲学工作者起桥梁作用,主要是通过阐释马克思主义哲学和毛泽东哲学思想,以通俗化的形式宣传和普及哲学理论,批判非马克思主义哲学思想；人民大众起根本作用,主要是通过持续不断地学习马克思主义哲学理论,充分运用马克思主义哲学理论解决实际问题,在实践中不断提出新问题、创造新经验。六、建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化主要是通过六条路径来加以推进的,即文本传播、媒体宣传、教育引导、思想改造、制度安排、组织推进等；主要采用五种基本方法,即自主学习法、文本解读法、批判比较法、实践运用法、典型推广法。建国后十七年马克思主义哲学大众化是中国马克思主义哲学大众化的一个典范,其历史效果主要有：成功地确立马克思主义哲学在新中国意识形态领域的主导地位；切实提高人民大众的马克思主义理论水平和实践能力；有力地促进马克思主义哲学中国化发展；在一定程度上推动社会主义革命和建设。其教训主要在于：哲学与政治的关系始终没有完全理顺；哲学大众化中存在简单化、庸俗化和极端化的倾向,暴露出实用主义、教条主义、经验主义等问题；对自身的内在规律研究不够、把握不准。由此我们获得启示：推进马克思主义哲学大众化,必须把握科学内涵、夯实理论根基、创新传播方式、建设专业队伍、构建发展机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the Chinese context, the popularization of Marxist philosophy is by no means a fictional illusion, but has existed for nearly a hundred years and continues to advance the historical process. Since the late19th and early20th century when the earliest Marxist philosophy was introduced into China, people began to try to implement "philosophy to the public", and in the promotion of the Communist Party of China, such exploration and practice never once stopped. In the course of Marxist philosophy’s popularization history, there have been several historic breakthroughs, among which the seventeen years after the founding of PRC is undoubtedly the most representative. The Communist Party of China, as a ruling party, for the first time in history carried out a nationwide massive movement of the popularization of Marxist philosophy and created a Chinese-characterized road in historical context which is a successful example in Marxist philosophy popularization history. On the premise of scientific interpretation of Marxist philosophy popularization proposition, in accordance with the principle of combining history and logic, the thesis conducts a more comprehensive and systematic investigation on the historical background, the evolution of history, the texts, the methods, the subjects of the Marxist philosophy popularization movement in the seventeen years, thus to break through the current academic research status of mere brief introduction of that period。 By giving a comprehensive review and fair assessment, the thesis tries to summarize the experiences and find inspiration, thus to provide a useful historical reference for the contemporary China to promote Marxist Philosophy popularization. First, the scientific definition and accurate grasp of Marxist philosophy popularization is the basic theoretical premise for systematic study of Marxist Philosophy popularization in the seventeen years after the founding of New China. The concept "Marxist Philosophy popularization" has developed through four stages:initially formed during the period from "May Fourth Movement" to the1930s; put forward clearly from the1930s to the founding of New China; constantly deepened before the reform and opening up policy was adopted; innovated and further developed after the reform so far. To define Marxist philosophy popularization, it is necessary to link it with Maxist philosophy sinicization and distinguish it from Marxism popularization and Marxist philosophy in a popular style. Marxist philosophy popularization means:the two-way interaction between Marxist Philosophy and the masses, the organic combination of Marxist philosophy theory and the practice of the masses, the extension of the philosophy from the social elite to the masses.Second, Marxist philosophy popularization in the seventeen years after the founding of New China had its historical inevitability:to consolidate the ideological basis of the ruling status of the Communist Party of China; to establish the dominant position of Marxist philosophy in the field of ideology; to explore the theory of socialist revolution and construction; to arm vast number of cadres, intellectuals and the masses with the theory. On the other hand, there were a series of favorable conditions:the Communist Party of China exercising state power provided political guarantee; the increasingly mature Mao Zedong’s philosophy laid the theoretical foundations; central leadership attaching great importance to it provided a strong driving force. What’s more, the Soviet Union influenced a lot on Marxist philosophy popularization. Learning the experience of the Soviet Union became an important motivation, while the interaction with the Soviet Union philosophical circle was an important factor and the reflections on the Soviet model drawbacks was an important driving force.Third, during the seventeen years after the founding of New China, Marxist philosophy popularization can be divided into two phases. The first phase is from1949to1956, the initial phrase with success when Marxist philosophy popularization was advanced relatively smoothly through benign interaction between politics and philosophy. During this time there were three major actions:to conduct vigorous propaganda and organize the cadres and the masses to study Marxist philosophy, to carry out "thought reform" movement aimed at intellectuals, to launch philosophical criticism and discussion activities in a wide range of academic fields aimed at promoting Marxist philosophy. The second phase is from1956to1966, the deepening and tortuous development phase when it was put forward in a complicated political environment where politics and philosophy deviated and success was intertwined with mistakes, experiences and lessons. The more prominent events were:the systematic propaganda of Marxist philosophy among theorists, the rise of philosophical study and activity among workers, peasants and soldiers, the campaign of study and practice of Mao Zedong Thought.Fourth, a large number of Marxist philosophy texts were produced and applied in the seventeen years after the founding of New China. These texts with characteristics of the times and of China conformed to the needs of the people and mainly included three forms of classical texts, explanatory text, introductory text and so on. There are four characteristics in using texts:greater emphasis on the nativization of the texts in China in its introduction; greater emphasis on epochal character than the classical tradition; greater emphasis on the popularity of the texts than the theoretical nature; greater emphasis on the targeted texts than its generality. From the perspective of Marxist philosophy popularization, the thesis briefly analyzes five representative texts, namely Mao’s On Practice and On Contradiction, Li Da’s Comments on<On Practice> and Comments on<On Contradiction> Ai Siqi’s Dialectical Materialism, Historical Materialism, Feng Qi’s How to Understand the World, Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Study Philosophy and Use Philosophy edited by the People’s Publishing House.Fifth, in the seventeen years after the founding of New China, Marxist philosophy popularization is systematic movement jointly participated by the party leaders, philosophy workers and the masses. Party leaders play a leading role, mainly to launch a nationwide campaign by personally studying philosophy and to apply the theories to leadership and working approaches. Philosophy workers act as a bridge to popularize philosophy theory and criticize non-Marxist philosophy by explaining Marxist philosophy and the philosophy of Mao Zedong. The masses play a fundamental role, mainly through continuous learning Marxist Philosophy to solve practical problems and to constantly introduce new problems and create new experiences.Sixth, in the seventeen years after the founding of New China, Marxist philosophy popularization was advanced through the six paths, namely text transmission, media campaigns, education and guidance, thought reform, institutional arrangements, organizational advance. And five basic methods were used, namely independent learning method, text interpretation method, comparative method, practical application method, typical promotion method.Marxist philosophy popularization in the seventeen years after the founding of New China is a model of Chinese Marxist philosophy popularization. Its historical effects are:successfully established a leading position in the field of ideology in new China; effectively improved the masses’Marxist theory level and practical ability; effectively promoted the development of Marxist philosophy in China; promoted the socialist revolution and construction to a certain extent. Its main lesson is that:the relationship between philosophy and politics had not completely straighten out; the simplistic, vulgar and extreme tendency in Marxist philosophy popularization exposed the problems of pragmatism, dogmatism, empiricism; research on its own inherent laws was not enough and not deep. All in all we get enlightenment:to promote Marxist philosophy popularization, we must grasp the scientific connotation, reinforce the theoretical foundation, build professional team and development mechanism.更多还原