【作者】 李益顺；

【导师】 郑大华；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 晚清期刊中的科学话语传播是在西学东渐、西力东侵的历史格局中进行,与科学话语传播结伴而行的是科学话语体系的建构。而晚晴科学话语体系的构建,经历了酝酿期、萌芽期与初步形成期三个不同的阶段。其中酝酿期以传教士的格致话语传播为主,萌芽期以维新报人的格致话语传播为主,初步形成期则以辛亥报人的科学话语传播为主。从格致话语传播到科学话语传播的嬗变,就是晚清期刊科学话语体系建构的内在理路与外在表征。格致话语与科学话语代表着两条不‘同的传播路径。一条是传教士格致话语传播路径,基本上沿袭明末清初传教士的“以学辅教”的宗旨,用中国传统文化中的“格致”来指称Science,“科学”一词直到1905年间,《万国公报》上才开始使用“科学”词汇。传教士格致话语中的“格致”更多的是指称狭义上的科学,即自然科学,尚属“小科学”的范畴。并概述格致的本义、方法、分类、功能与精神等方面。鉴于晚清科学话语体系的构建实指中国人的自主构建,传教士只是起着一个中介与播种的作用。传教士中文报刊在格致话语传播过程中形成了两个不同的传统。一个是《察世俗每月统记传》为代表的的“《察世俗》传统”,“以阐发基督教义为根本要务”,科学内容很少,属于宗教期刊。另一个是以《东西洋考每月统记传》为代表的“《东西洋考》传统”,以科学为主,宗教次之,类似世俗期刊。首先是“《察世俗》传统”主导,然后“《东西洋考》传统”取而代之。19世纪60年代以前,“《东西洋考》传统”一直被《遐迩贯珍》、《六合丛谈》、《中西闻见录》与《格致汇编》等传承。《中国教会新报》创刊后,两种传统共存。《万国公报》介绍了西方一些格致新闻、格致成果与格致理论,并产生了深远的社会影响。1907年终刊后,传教士格致话语传播式微,“《察世俗》传统”回归主导。但“《东西洋考》传统”并未消亡,仍然被维新报人与辛亥报人所传承。另一条路径是中经日本的科学传播路径。维新报人与辛亥报人掀起了科学话语传播的两次高潮,具有“以学辅教”之表征。内容有区别,前者重视科学知识与科学新闻的介绍,是第一阶梯传播。后者更侧重于形而上的科学话语传播,是第二阶梯传播。并使用日文中的“科学”来指称Science。国内最早使用“科学”既非康有为,也非严复,而是《实学报》(1897年11月15日),但因未署名而难以确定身份。20世纪初“格致”与“科学”共存与混用,1905年以后,“科学”词汇才逐渐淘汰“格致”。日本成为了戊戌维新时期与辛亥革命时期科学话语传播的主要中介与信息来源。而日本国内的“科学”原本就有“大科学”与“小科学”两种发展趋势,但输入中国并产生深远影响的是“系统之学”的“大科学”。晚清期刊科学话语传播主要具有信息传递、科学启蒙两项功能,与当时社会变迁与文化转型形成互动。一方面,科学话语传播是观念革命的助产士,也是认知图式变革的加速器,对人们的认知方式、认知的地理空间与知识结构都产生了深远影响。宏观的宇宙天体、中观的人事社会与微观的物质世界都逐渐纳入人们的认知范围,科学的理性精神、怀疑精神和创新精神逐渐被人们所内化,科学传播所催产的这种深层变革,使得人们的思维模式与行为方式发生变化。另一方面,科学不再是奇技淫巧与旁门左道,而被正名,这是科学发展的外在要求。科学话语传播过程是近代科学的中国化过程,也是中国古代科学文化与西方近代科学文化之间碰撞与融合,并促成了中国古代科学的近代转型。晚清期刊科学话语传播有五项特征,即信息源上的外源性、传播途径上的单向度线性传播、传播绩效上的局限性、生长周期上的短暂性、话语体系构建上的渐进性等。科学传播层面上,晚清期刊科学话语传播为新文化运动提供了宝贵的思想资源与理论基础,是新文化运动的先声,而新文化运动是对晚清期刊科学话语传播的传承与发展,是必然的发展趋势,二者一脉相承。更多还原

【Abstract】 Where was the historical pattern of the Western learning spreading to the East,and the invasion of Western powers,the communication of scientific discourse in Chinese periodicas in the Late Qing Dynasty was carried out.The dissemination of scientific discourse in convoy was to construct scientific discourse system.There were three different stages to build the scientific discourse system in Chinese periodicals in the late Qing Dynasty,i.e. the incubation period, the embryonic period and initial formation period.The missionaries journalists, reform journalists and the Xin Hai journalists were the respective of Chinese periodical’s scientific discourse communication.The evolution process from Gezhi(格致)discourse communication to scientific discourse was to reveal the internal logic and external characterization of scientific discourse communication in the late Qing Dynasty.The periodical’s science concepts in late Qing Dynasty developed in accordance with two paths. One was the missionary propagation path of scientific discourse, which basically followed the tradition of’Learning is the means, political purpose’of the missionaries in the late Ming and early Qing, with Chinese traditional word of Gezhi to refer to Science,(Until1905, Chinese Globe Magazine(万国公报)began to use Science(科学)vocabulary.The scientific discourse of the missionary Gezhi was more of a reference in science, natural science, and was a Small Science category. This thesis has summarized the meaning, method, classification, function, spirit and so on of Gezhi.Since constructing the science discourse system actually refered to Chinese independent construction, and missionary periodicals just played an intermediary and sowing role, In the process of dissemination of scientific discourse, the Chinese periodicals by missionary have formed two kind of traditions:i.e. Chinese monthly Tradition (《察世俗》传统)was "to elucidate the Christianity as the fundamental task ", with the Chinese monthly magazine(《察世俗每月统记传》)as the representative, there was little scientific content, belonging to a religious periodicals. Another was "to spread scientific discourse tradition", with the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine (《东西洋考每月统记传》)as the representative. The dominant was the contents of science and the secondary was religion, similar secular periodicals. The former which was dominant during a long time was replaced by the latter. Before the nineteenth Century60’s, Eastern Western Monthly Tradition(《东西洋考》传统)had been succeeded by "Chinese serial"((《遐迩贯珍》),ShanghaeSerial(《六合丛谈》), The Peking magazine essays(《中西闻见录》)and The Scientific Review (《格致汇编》). After the launch of The Western hurch(《中国教会新报》), two Traditional coexistence. Chinese Globe Magazine(《万国公报》)was of important effections by inrtroducing many Gezhi news,gezhi achievements and gezhi theory,whose termination marked the missionary Chinese scientific discourse communication weaken gradually and the Chinese monthly magazine Tradition returned to the dominant in1907. But Eastern Western Monthly Tradition did not disappear, it still be inherited by the reform journalists and Xin Hai journalists.Another path was the science propagation of Japan. The reform journalists and the Xin Hai journalists had raised two climaxes of the dissemination of scientific discourse."Learning is the means, political purpose"was the main feature during that period. The communication content was difference during the two periods. The former focused on scientific knowledge and scientific news, which was the first step of scientific discourse communication; the latter focused more on the propagation of metaphysics of scientific discourse, which was the second step. During this period, Science in Japanese referred to Science. The earliest use of "Science" was not Kang Youwei, not Yan Fu, but The Real Learning Newspaper(《实学报》)(November15,1897), but was unable to determine the identity. At the beginning of twentieth Century Gezhi and Science coexist and mix, After1905, Science vocabulary gradually eliminated Gezhi. Japan has become the main intermediary and source of information for discourse of science communication during Wu Xu Reformation period and Xin Hai Revolution. As a matter of fact, Japan’s Science originally had two development trends, namely Big Science and Small Science. The concept input into China and having a far-reaching impact was the System theory,namely Big Science.The periodicals scientific discourse communication in late Qing Dynasty mainly has two functions of information transmission and spread and scientific enlightenment. The periodicals Scientific discourse communication in late Qing Dynasty and China modern social changes and cultural transformation had formed the interactive relationship. On the one hand, the spread of scientific discourse in the late Qing Dynasty periodicals was not only the midwive of concept of revolution but also the booster of cognitive schema change. The dissemination of scientific discourse had a profound impact cognition on people’s cognitive style, geographical space and knowledge structure. The macro cosmos, the middle-level personnel society, and the micro physical world all were brought gradually into the scope of people’s cognition. The scientific rational spirit, the scientific spirit of suspicion and scientific innovation spirit gradually were accepted by people consciously. The deep revolution of science communication by oxytocin, made the mode of thinking and behavior of the people changed. On the other hand, science is no longer a diabolic tricks and wicked craft and heresy, but be perfectly justifiable, which is the external demand of scientific’s quick development. The process of periodicals in late Qing Dynasty scientific discourse communication is also the process of modern science’s sinification, is also the process of Collision and fusion between Chinese ancient science culture and western modern science culture, and it facilitate the transformation from Chinese ancient science to modern culture.The periodicals scientific discourse communication in late Qing Dynasty had five external features,i.e. the information source was exogenous, the communication way was one-dimensional linear propagation, the communication effect was limited, the growth cycle is transient, the progress of foundation the discourse system was progressive etc. From science communication level, the periodicals Scientific discourse communication in late Qing Dynasty provided valuable thought resources and theoretical basis for the New Culture Movement, which was a pioneer of the new culture movement, the New Culture Movement was the inheritance and development of scientific discourse communication in the late Qing Dynasty.The New Culture Movement was the inevitable trend of scientific discourse communication development, the two come down in one continuous line.更多还原