【作者】 赵志明；

【导师】 石鸥；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 课程与教学论， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 数字化时代的到来引发了一场令人始料未及的变革——相伴人们千年的、极具权威的纸质教科书即将被数字教科书“重新定义”。教科书是一种特殊的文本。几千年的历史发展中,教科书体现国家意志,反映社会文化,成为社会进步、文化启蒙的重要载体。特别是在中国新教育发展的百年历史上,教科书始终与学校教育相伴,成为课程实施的唯一载体。没有哪一种文本比教科书更令人信赖；没有哪一种载体比教科书对个人的影响更为深远；没有哪一种变革比教科书变革更令人关注。然而,数字教科书的出现,不仅要彻底颠覆传统教科书的纸本形态,更意欲以己为载体,彻底颠覆传统的学校教育,实现对教科书的“重新定义”。那么,数字教科书究竟是何形态?何以能对传统教科书“重新定义”?又该如何实现对传统教科书的“重新定义”?就在人们对“数字教科书”还概念不清、认识不明之时,数字教科书的产品开发与应用却正以星火燎原之势迅猛发展,并已然“登堂入室”,代替纸质教科书走进课堂!让人忧心的是,当前对于数字教科书的研究还刚刚起步。这种“研究滞后、应用先行”的发展模式,对于“读者最多、最特殊,对读者影响最为深远”的教科书,究竟是为教育带来发展‘?抑或是危机与灾难?无论如何,对数字教科书的研究已经刻不容缓。本文分七章展开研究。第一章,数字教科书的发展背景。数字教科书不是无源之水,无本之木。在教科书从传统走向现代的历史长河中,教科书的本质特性得以彰显,并影响与决定数字教科书内容属性的发展；在教科书由现代走向后现代的时代趋向中,教科书要摆脱现实困境,唯有以信息技术支撑形态改变、以后现代文化重建价值观。因此,数字教科书的出现,既是历史发展和时代发展的必然,也将承续历史,走向未来。第二章,数字教科书的形态与功能。数字教科书由电子书的形态发展而来,彻底颠覆了纸质教科书的形态,建构起一种“教科书内容+教学管理平台+移动数字终端”的新型教科书形态。数字教科书的形态具有教科书呈现的富媒性与定制性、教科书内容的关联性与开放性、教科书教学的互动性与自主性、教科书载体的多样性与移动性等基本特性。数字教科书的形态发展将呈现“国家定义”和“个人定义”两种形态,其中“国家定义”数字教科书将经历纸质教科书“数字化”、数字化实验教科书、国家标准数字教科书三个阶段。在“国家定义”数字教科书发展的同时,“个人定义”数字教科书自觉发展,不仅成为“国家定义”数字教科书的重要补充,也为“国家定义”数字教科书带来重大挑战,成为数字教科书的最大特色与发展方向。数字教科书相较纸质教科书有明显的功能优势,但要取代纸质教科书,仍将经历一个长期的过程。第三章,数字教科书的性质与价值。形态的改变引发了教科书性质的变化。一方面,数字教科书继续保留了作为“教科书”的本质特点；另一方面,数字教科书的“数字化”特性又使其突破纸质教科书的文本意义,建构起一个“有限开放”的数字化学习环境。在这个新型数字化学习环境中,传统的教科书价值观也得以重建,那就是：通过创建开放、自由、个性与创新的学习平台,实现人的发展的开放、自由、个性与创新。第四章,数字教科书的知识选择与课程设计。不论是知识选择还是课程设计,国家控制总是如影随形。国家通过与新技术联手,实现对课程与知识的“国家定义”,而“个人定义”作为时代发展一个不可逆转的趋势,继续与“国家定义”进行博弈,趋向互补。当前环境下,既要发挥“国家定义”的宏观指导、管理、服务功能,又要发挥“个人定义”的主观能动作用,二者相得益彰,才能保证数字教科书健康、长远发展。第五章,数字教科书的学与教。数字化学习环境中,需要对学生与教师“数字原住民”和“数字移民”的身份重新认定。新的身份关系下,学生的学习特质发生了改变,教师必然地走向权威消解与身份重建,传统的学习观和教育观走向重建。数字教科书的学习过程中,“教”融于“学”,“学”体现“教”。自组织学习、互动学习成为主要的学习方式,整体化学习、翻转课堂成为重要的教学方式。第六章,数字教科书的出版开发与教育应用。数字教科书作为一种数字出版物,既是传统出版向数字出版转型的必然产物,也是推动数字出版产业发展的重要动力。对于传统出版社来说,要想在数字教科书的开发中,争取与技术博弈的主动权,必须一方面在“内容为王”、“渠道为王”的传统优势基础上实现“服务为王”的战略转型；另一方面重视技术人才的培养和内容资源的积累。在当前电子书包的教育应用中,环境建设是工作重点,其中对人的工作是“软”环境建设,资源建设及对数字教科书产品性能的提升属“硬”环境建设。达成共识,联合共建,以科研为支撑是数字教科书教育应用的实施策略。第七章,数字教科书发展的潜在危机与应对策略。“与危机并行”是数字教科书的后现代特征之一。数字教科书发展过程中既要面临数字时代带来的潜在危机,同时又要面对自身“数字化”带来的潜在危机。不论是潜在的学习危机还是身体危机、社会危机、文化危机、教育公平危机,对危机的认识,就是对数字教科书本身的认识,危机既是数字教科书发展的动力,也为数字教科书的发展指明了方向。应对数字教科书发展过程的各种潜在危机,不仅需要建构理念,更需要各方协作,以实际行动,与灾难赛跑。通过全文的论述可以看出,数字教科书不仅仅是对传统教科书形态的颠覆,形态的变化带来的是教科书功能、性质、价值观的改变,并由此引发学习观、教育观的更新,对师生学习身份的重新认定以及对教学方式和学习方式的重建。在数字教科书的形态发展与内容建设中,“国家定义”与“个人定义”互相博弈,又互为补充,成为数字教科书的发展动力,并影响数字教科书的发展方向。因此,我们认为,数字教科书是一种新型的后现代教科书,它以数字技术为支撑,创设开放的学习环境,改变传统的学习方式和教学方式,通过“国家定义”和“个人定义”的博弈与互补,趋向学习的开放、自由、个性与创新。由此,传统的教科书被“重新定义”。一场学习的革命、教育的革命随之揭幕。更多还原

【Abstract】 Along with digital times, it is an unexpected revolution that paper textbooks which are regarded as authority and eternity will be redefined by digital textbooks soon.As the special text, textbooks are considered as one kind of important carrier push forward the progress of society and enlighten the culture by representing the state control and reflecting social culture in the development of thousands of history. In the development of Chinese new education in modern times, textbooks which are viewed as the unique way always integrate themselves with school education. Textbooks can be more trusted than other texts. No more powerful text than textbook can have the impact on people. Therefore, the revolution of textbooks can attract more our attention than any other ones. However, the appearance of textbooks subverts not only the paper form of traditional textbooks but the traditional education based on this new form, which leads to redefine the textbooks. However, what on earth is the nature of digital textbooks? Why could digital textbooks redefine traditional textbooks? How to realize the reconstruction of traditional textbook?At the time when people are confused with the definition about digital textbooks, the development and research of them spring up and come into classroom gradually. More and more people worry out this phenomenon because the research on digital textbooks is just beginning. This developing form the application is the first and research is the second will affect textbooks which are considered as having most numerous and special readership in the world. This situation is good or bad and prosperous and disastrous?Whatever, it is time that we should research on digital textbooks.The whole paper will be classified into seven chapters.The first chapter introduces the development background of digital textbooks. Digital textbooks can be traced back. In the history of textbooks from tradition to modernity, the nature of textbooks can be reflected and affect the development of digital textbooks’content. In the process of the tendency of textbooks from modernity to post-modernity, in order to break out this crisis, the only solution is that changing forms by means of technology and reconstructing the culture views by means of postmodern culture. Thus, the appearance of digital textbooks not only is viewed as the necessity both the development of history and that of times, but carries the history making for the future.Chapter Two discusses the form and function of digital textbooks. Digital textbooks develop from the form of e-books, which completely subverts the traditional form and sets up one kind of new textbook form " The content of textbooks+The teaching management platform+The mobile digital terminal". The morphological characteristics of digital textbooks embody four aspects:the rich media and customizability presented by textbooks, the relevance and openness reflected through the content of textbooks, the interactivity and autonomy displayed among the teaching of textbooks, the diversity and mobility showed in the carrier of textbooks. In the process of the development of digital textbooks, it will present two main forms:the National Definition and Personal Definition. Digital textbooks of the National Definition include three levels of development:the digitization of paper textbooks, the digital experiment textbooks, the digital textbooks under national standardization. The Personal Definition is the biggest characteristic of digital textbooks, which indicates the progression of times and direction of the development. Furthermore, it not only adds important supplements to the National Definition, but brings the great challenges to that. Compared to paper textbooks, digital textbooks have significant functional advantages, but it’s still a long process to replace paper textbooks.In Chapter Three, the nature and value of digital textbooks are mainly discussed. The change of digital textbooks’form has changed the nature. On the one hand, digital textbooks remain the essential characteristics of traditional textbooks, and on the other, the characteristic of digitization appearing in digital textbooks breaks through the text meaning of paper textbooks, and construct a "limited open" digital learning environment. In this new digital learning environment, the traditional textbook values have been rebuilt, and that is:by creating an open, freedom, individuality and innovative learning platform, openness, freedom, individuality and innovation of human development can be achieved.Chapter four discusses the knowledge choosing and curriculum design of digital textbook contents, both are under strict state control. The state keeps defining curriculum and knowledge by introducing new technologies, while irreversibly individuals are emerging as the counter-power and the complimentary of the state. Under the current circumstances, on one hand the state should provide regulation, guidance and necessary services, on the other hand the individuals should take the initiatives of their own to guarantee the healthy and sustainable development of the digital textbooks.The research on the reconstruction of learning and teaching of digital textbooks is paid attention in Chapter Five. The identity of Digital Inhabitant and Digital Immigrant required to be confirmed in the digital learning environment, which lead to the change of students’learning nature, the deconstruction of teachers’authority and the reconstruction of teachers’identity, and the reforming of traditional viewpoints about learning and education. Meanwhile, in the learning process of digital textbooks,"teaching" integrate "learning", and "learning" embodies "teaching." Self-organized learning, interactive learning become the main way of learning, holistic learning and flipped classroom have become important ways of teaching.The publication and application of digital textbooks are stressed in Chapter Six. Digital textbook, as one kind of digital publication, not only is the result of changing from traditional publication to digital publication, but is the important power of developing the digital publishing industry. For having the initiative struggling against with technology in the development of digital textbooks, traditional publications must not only transfer from oriented content and oriented channel to oriented service on the traditional advantage, but pay attention to the factors including both technological personal training and content accumulation. Now, in the educational application of electrical bags, the most important environment constructions combines the soft one based on the personal working with the hard one based on the improvement about the quality of digital textbook and sources constructing, which can provide applied strategies of digital textbooks based on scientific research combining.The last Chapter of this paper probes into the potential Crisis and coping strategies in the development process of digital textbooks."Along with crisis" is the one of characteristics of postmodernism for digital textbooks. The development of digital textbooks will be faced with potential crises from digital society. No matter what potential crises from themselves, society, culture, and education equality, we should know that the understanding of the potential crises is just the understanding the nature of digital textbooks. Crises not only push forward the development of digital textbooks and have access to that direction. To cope with these crises, we should reconstruct concept and require the multilateral cooperation. To cope with these potential crises not only reconstruct relevant concept but cooperate with multi-parts for getting the winning.Through the detailed description of this paper, it is clear that digital textbooks not only completely subvert the traditional form, but result in the changes among function, nature and value, the change of digital textbooks also leads to the update about the concept of learning and education, the redefinition of the identification of teachers and students, the construction of the methods including teaching and learning. In the process of both the development of textbooks forms and the content construction, the National Definition and Personal Definition continue to struggle against and supplement each other at the same time, which sets up the driving force of digital textbooks and affects the developing direction of digital textbooks.Thus, digital textbooks, the new type of postmodernism textbook, establish the opened environment of learning, change the traditional methods of learning and teaching based on the digital technology, which brings the new situation filling with opening of learning, liberty, individuality and innovation through the competition under Game Theory and complementing of the National Definition and Personal Definition.So, digital textbooks achieve to redefine traditional textbooks.A revolution of learning and education has launched.更多还原