【作者】 阮秋红；

【导师】 李育民；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 辛亥革命与越南民族解放运动关系的问题,这也是近代时期中越两国之间关系的表现之一。从所周知,中越两国之间有着两千余年之久的友好交往历史,两国国情基本相似、文化相通、理想相同、经济相关。将近—千一百年之久,越南属于中国的郡县,又有近千年是中国的“藩属”。笔者通过分析中越两国相同的社会背景,并依靠两国人民有悠久的友好关系,以此来弄清中越两国在进行民族民主革命运动时期,如何互相支持、互相帮助、互相学习、互相影响。近代中国寻找救国的道路时,孙中山曾在越南进行革命活动,并获得越南华侨和越南人民热情的帮助和拥护,同时他也对越南革命运动有着热情的支持。当时中国的救亡思潮和救国运动深刻的影响着越南,除了中国的维新运动外,还有辛亥革命,和孙中山的三民主义。因此,越南革命者在日法勾结驱逐出境之后就纷纷来到中国进行革命活动,并得到中国人民的支持。此外,他们也对中国革命运动作出了许多的贡献。中越两国在外国资本主义侵略之前都是封建落伍的国家。政治黑暗,经济落后,社会矛盾突出。到19世纪末,各国列强侵略中国,逼迫其订立了一系列不平等条约,获取了在中国许多特权,逐渐把中国沦为半殖民地半封建社会国家。当时越南也被法国殖民者侵略,接着他们把越南变成了殖民地。从此,越南人民陷入殖民者的压迫和奴役之下。国家处于外国资本主义侵略当中,中国清朝和越南阮朝却对侵略者变现出害怕,甘心作为他们的走狗,共同对本国人民实行压迫和剥削。中国和越南的一部分爱国知识分子认识到帝国主义和封建制度落后都是人民的敌人,所以想摆脱它们的统治和束缚,进而追求国家富强与民族独立,两国的爱国志士纷纷奔走以便寻找救国的道路。当时中国形成了两个政治派别：改良派和革命派。改良派以康有为、梁启超等人为代表,革命派以孙中山为代表。改良派已发动了维新运动以追求国家富强,但它存在短短的103天就被慈禧太后与她周围的顽固守旧势力解散。在改良派准备发动维新运动的同时,孙中山于1894年在檀香山成立了一个革命团体,名称“兴中会”,主张采取暴力革命来推翻清朝。中国发生这些事件,对越南有深刻的影响。由于越南和中国的社会背景十分相同,所以越南爱国志士容易接受和运用从中国传播来的思潮。越南也形成了两个政治派别：改良派和革命派。改良派以潘周桢为代表,革命派以潘佩珠为代表。革命派主张的是暴动的趋势,成立“维新会”,进行“东游运动”留学日本,目标是推翻法国的殖民统治,恢复越南的独立,建立君主立宪制的国家。改良派主张的是改革的趋势,依靠法国为前提要求改革,自立富强,前进建立民主共和制的国家,所以他们在越南中圻已进行维新运动。越南的改良派和革命派既接受中国改良派的影响,又接受中国革命派的影响。20世纪初,孙中山在奔走寻找救国道路的过程中,他及其同志已经来过越南多次。在越南华侨中进行宣传推翻清朝封建统治的革命思想、组织革命力量等革命活动,获得了越南华侨和越南人民热情的支持和拥护。越南成为孙中山和同盟会领导的反清武装起义的重要基地,越南边界多次是中国起义军进攻中国南方各省的出发点。孙中山及其同志这些革命活动对越南人民抗法斗争有巨大的鼓舞,在越南爱国志士革命思想的形成过程中产生了一定的影响。从1905年至1908年,越南爱国志士以潘佩珠为领袖赴日本,开始“东游运动”。在日本期间,他们接触中国革命者,尤其是潘佩珠曾两次与孙中山会见,谈两国革命合作的事情。潘佩珠本身受到孙中山的深刻影响,这一影响使得潘佩珠改变了救国主张,从主张君主立宪转到信仰民主共和。日法勾结驱逐越南爱国者出境之后,他们就来到中国和一些其他国家继续本国的革命事业。在辛亥革命胜利的鼓舞下,1912年潘佩珠在广州成立越南光复会,在纲领和机构上都是学习、模仿孙中山所建立的中国同盟会。接着1924年成立了越南国民党,该党的主张、纲领等大多是模仿中国国民党。不过,于1925年5月,潘佩珠在上海被法国密探拘捕,押送回越南,并被软禁直到去世。至此,潘佩珠领导的越南民族解放运动几乎停止。潘佩珠被捕两年以后,阮太学等资产阶级革命者在越南重新成立了越南国民党(1927年至1931年)。该组织的成立是越南资产阶级民主革命的顶峰,它的大多数成员本来是孙中山的信徒。其政治纲领符合三民主义的基本精神,三民主义被视为越南国民党的“呼吸的空气”。尽管如此,越南国民党学习、接受三民主义既缺少系统性,又缺少灵活性。胡志明与19世纪末20世纪初的越南爱国志士一样,也受到孙中山的三民主义和中国革命的影响。到1920年,虽然胡志明找到的救国之路是马克思列宁主义、无产阶级道路,但在他的革命过程中,又通过不断研究、学习其他思想、学说,来完善自己的革命思想。1924年,胡志明从莫斯科到达广州,当时孙中山在进行改组国民党,重新解释了三民主义,并确定“联俄、联共、扶助工农”三大政策,又亲眼看到这里的中国革命踊跃发展,同时受到中国国民党左派热情的帮助,促使胡志明不遗余力探索和研究孙中山的三民主义。胡志明已用马克思列宁主义的眼光来接受了孙中山的革命思想,同时对三民主义作了补充和发展。实际上说明了这一点,在胡志明的思想和革命方式中,我们都看到马克思列宁主义与孙中山三民主义的紧密结合。那就是用暴力手段来打倒现行政权,建立越南民主共和,实现“耕者有其田”的目标。革命成功,越南民主共和国成立之后,孙中山的三民主义对胡志明和越南革命还有积极的价值。在“越南民主共和国”的国名下,胡志明写着三个标语：“独立-自由-幸福”。此三个标语正好就是孙中山三民主义的基本内容,同时也反映了越南人民长久渴望达到的目标。胡志明主席把孙中山的民族、民权、民生的三民主义作为三个政策,并领导越南政府和越南人民为实现此三个政策而奋斗越南革命者不仅仅接受辛亥革命领导者的革命主张的影响,而且帮助和支持他们的革命运动,他们用文章为中国革命鼓与呼、赠送武器、与各被压迫民族成立反对帝国主义的革命组织,并参加中国工农运动等活动。这些行动对中国革命在一定程度上有一定的作用。此外,培育近代中越两国革命之间的关系,越南华侨华人也作出了巨大的贡献。他们不但支持和帮助孙中山领导的中国革命运动,而且与越南人民同心协力,并肩斗争,抗击法寇,“有力出力,有钱出钱”,为越南民族的独立、自由事业,为捍卫越南民主共和国,作出了巨大功绩,永远受到越南人民的缅怀。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper studies the issue of Vietnamese Revolution and the national liberation movement relations, which is also the manifestation of the relationship between China and Vietnam in the modern era. The author analyzes the same social background of China and Vietnam, and relies on the long and friendly relations between the two nations in order to clarify the national democratic revolutionary movement. It shall show how to support each other, help each other, learn from each other and influence each other. When looking for a way to save the course of modern China, Sun Yatsen had conducted revolutionary activities in Vietnam and overseas Vietnamese and Vietnamese people got enthusiastic helping and supporting him, but he also had a passion for the Vietnamese revolutionary movement support. At that time China’s salvation Salvation Movement thought and profound impact on the Vietnamese, in addition to China’s reform movement, as well as the Revolution, and Sun Yatsen’s Three Principles. Therefore, Vietnamese revolutionaries law after the date on collusion deportation came to China to carry out revolutionary activities supported by the Chinese people. In addition, they also made many Chinese revolutionary movement contributions.Before the invasion of foreign capitalism China and Vietnam were outdated feudal states. There were political darkness, economic backwardness and social contradiction. In the19th century, national powers invaded China, forcing it to enter into a series of unequal treaties. The access to many privileges in China gradually became a semi-feudal society of the Chinese nation. At that time Vietnam was invaded by the French colonialists, who put Vietnam into a colony. Since then, the Vietnamese people were into oppression and slavery under colonial, capitalist countries in which foreign aggression played a big part. China Qing Dynasty and Vietnam Nguyen dynasty showed fear of the aggressors and afraid of the common practice of oppression and exploitation of their own people. Part of the patriotic intellectuals in China and Vietnam recognized the enemy of imperialism and feudalism are the people behind the scenes, so they wanted to get rid of their domination and bondage, and then pursue national prosperity and national independence. The two countries have run in order to find patriots to save the course of the country. China was the formation of two political factions:reformists and revolutionaries. Reformists were Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. Sun Yatsen was the representative of the revolutionaries. Reformists have launched a reform movement in pursuit of national prosperity, but it existet just103days because the Empress Dowager Cixi was stubborn and used conservative forces around her to dissolve it. In1894the reformists were preparing to launch the reform movement, Sun Yatsen established a revolutionary organization in Honolulu, which is named "Revive China Society". The aim was to advocate violent revolution to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. These events in China had a profound impact on Vietnam. Since Vietnam and China’s social background is the same, so the Vietnamese patriots were easy to accept and use spread from China to their own thoughts. Vietnam also formed two political factions:reformists and revolutionaries. As the representative of the reformists was Pan Zhouzhen, and of the revolutionaries it was Phan Boichau. Advocated revolutionary trend riots set up a "Restoration Council" and the "East Tour Movement" study in Japan. The goal was to overthrow the French colonial rulers and restore Vietnam’s independence, which was the establishment of national constitutional monarchy. The Reformist trend advocated a reform relying on the premise of France called for reform, which included self-reliance prosperous, democratic republic forward to build, so they have been carried out in the reform movement in Vietnam Qi. Reformists and revolutionaries were both affected by the Vietnamese and Chinese reformists, but also by the Chinese revolutionaries.In the early20th century, Sun Yatsen he has been to Vietnam six times in the process of running the road looking for national salvation. Overseas Vietnamese propaganda carried out in the revolutionary overthrow of the Qing feudal ideology, organization of the revolutionary forces and other revolutionary activities, these gave access to overseas Vietnamese and the Vietnamese people enthusiastic support and advocacy. Alliance leader Sun Yatsen and Vietnam became an important base for the armed uprising against the Qing Dynasty. Many times the Chinese Vietnamese border was the starting point for the rebels to attack the southern provinces of China. These revolutionary activities of Sun Yatsen on the Vietnamese people’s struggle against France has a huge inspiration to produce a certain influence in the formation of the Vietnamese patriots of the revolutionary ideas.From1905to1908, the Vietnamese patriots under Phan Boichau as leaders in Japan, started the "East Tour Movement." In Japan they encountered Chinese revolutionaries. Phan Boichau had especially met with Sun Yatsen twice to talk about things of the the revolutionary cooperation between the two countries. Phan Boichau itself was deeply affected by Sun Yatsen. It made for Phan Boichau an impact of making changes in national salvation, from advocating a constitutional monarchy to a democratic republic faith. After the expulsion of Vietnam, Japan and France colluded with the Patriots exit, they came to China and some other countries to continue their revolutionary cause. In the Revolution which was inspired by Phan Boichau in1912in Guangzhou, Vietnam Restoration League were on the program of study and start institutions like Sun Yatsen established the Chinese United League. Then in1924the establishment of the Vietnamese Kuomintang, the party of ideas, and the most of the program were to imitate the Chinese Nationalist Party. However, in May1925, Phan Boichau was arrested by French spies in Shanghai. He was escorted back to Vietnam and was placed under house arrest until his death. So far, Phan Boichau Vietnamese national liberation movement almost came to an end. Phan Boichau was arrested two years later, when Nguyen Thaihoc and other bourgeois revolutionaries in Vietnam re-established the Kuomintang (1927-1931). The establishment of the organization is the pinnacle of the bourgeois democratic revolution in Vietnam, most of its members have been followers of Sun Yatsen. Its political program in line with the basic spirit of the Three Principles of Vietnam is regarded as the "breath of air". Nevertheless, Vietnam Kuomintang learning, the Three People’s Principles lack of systemic and lack of flexibility.It ist he same with Ho Chiminh and the late19th and early20th century,they all were affected by the Vietnamese patriots, like Sun Yatsen’s Three Principles and the Chinese revolution. In1920, although the way to Ho Chiminh idea of salvation is found in Marxism-Leninism and proletarian courese, but in his revolutionary process, but also through continuous research, learning other ideas, doctrines, to perfect his revolutionary ideas. In1924, whne Ho Chiminh arrived from Moscow in Guangzhou, Sun Yatsen was the reorganization of the Kuomintang during the re-interpretation of the Three People’s Principles. They were to determine the "United Russia, were to assist the workers and peasants," the three policy, but also saw here the Chinese revolution enthusiastically development, while helped by the enthusiasm of the Chinese Kuomintang leftist. Ho Chi Minh did not spare any effort to promote Sun Yatsen’s Three Principles of exploration and research. Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chiminh has been with the vision to accept the Sun Yatsen’s revolutionary ideas, while the Three People’s Principles would supplemented and would be a development. In fact illustrates this point, in Ho Chiminh and the revolutionary way of thinking, we have seen in close connection with Marxism-Leninism and the Sun Yatsen’s Three People’s Principles. That is to use violent means to overthrow the existing regime, the establishment of a democratic republic of Vietnam, to achieve "land to the tiller" goal. Success of the revolution came after the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Ho Chiminh and Sun Yatsen’s Three Principles were a positive value of the Vietnamese revolution as well. Under the slogans of "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" Ho Chiminh has written three words:"Independent-Freedom-Happiness." This is just the basic content of the three slogans Three Principles of Sun Yatsen. It reflects the desire of the Vietnamese people to achieve long-term goals. From President Ho Chiminh to Sun Yatsen’s nationalism, democracy and livelihood of the Three People’s Principles as three policies, it led the Vietnamese government and the Vietnamese people for the realization of this three policy struggle.Vietnam is not only influenced by Sun Yatsen’s revolutionaries, but also by the help and support of the revolutionary movement led by Sun Yatsen. He advocated for the Chinese revolution, giving weapons, anti-imperialist revolutionary organization founded with the oppressed peoples, and participated in Chinese workers and peasants sports and other activities. These actions of the Chinese revolution to some extent, to a certain extent. In addition, foster relations between China and Vietnam Revolution in Modern Vietnam Overseas Chinese also made a great contribution. They not only supported and helped Chinese revolutionary movement led by Sun Yatsen, but they also helped the Vietnamese people to work together, struggle together, to fight the law."Have strength, give strength, have money give money", is an independent, national cause of freedom in Vietnam, to defend the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and to make great achievements. This will always be the memory of the Vietnamese people.更多还原