同时代女性的言说

【作者】 杨本明；

【导师】 谭晶华；

【作者基本信息】 上海外国语大学 ， 日语语言文学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本课题是关于林芙美子文学中女性主义思想的研究。在日本近代史上，从明治末期到二战结束这半个世纪的时间既是东西文化发生激烈碰撞的时期，也是日本“近代自我”逐渐得以确立的时期。在这宏大的历史进程中，日本近代女性的自我觉醒尤其值得关注，她们僭越了性别秩序的规训、挣脱了男权束缚的枷锁、实现了对自我主体身份的认知。作为一位具有鲜明性别意识和特殊人生际遇的作家，林芙美子不可能忽略对这一宏大历史图景的检视，她的作品从诗人的自我找寻、都市女工的言说、战争未亡人的哀歌、女性形象之谱系四个角度对女性的身份进行了严肃而又深刻的探讨，她通过不同的文学形式修正了男性作家对女性群体的错误解读，重新审视了新时期女性的社会地位与文化身份，并借此来夺回女性被男性群体遮蔽的话语权，重新建构女性群体的自我主体性认知。本课题尝试运用女性主义批评理论对林芙美子的文学世界进行全面解读，分析近代时空下林芙美子对近代女性自我身份的哲学思考，探讨林芙美子对近代女性主体价值的认知过程，寻找林芙美子文学中内含的女性主义思想。本课题由绪论、正文、结论三部分构成。绪论部分首先明确了本课题的研究对象，指出了在以男性为主的文学叙事中，女性书写所遭遇的性别缺失和历史缺位的哲学困境，阐述了林芙美子文学研究的重要意义。其次从作家传记、作品论、作家论三个角度对中日两国关于林芙美子的先行研究进行了系统的归纳，指出先行研究当中存在的问题和不足点。最后阐述了本课题的创新之处，提出了本课题的整体框架和研究方法，并对本课题所提出的女性主义思想进行了具体界定。正文部分由五个章节构成，分别从文学少女的诞生、《看到苍马》——诗人的自我找寻、《放浪记》——都市女工的言说、《下町》—战争未亡人的哀歌、《浮云》等——女性形象之谱系五个角度对林芙美子的文学世界进行了全面剖析。第一章以1903年——1922年这一期间林芙美子及其文学作品为研究对象，分析了林芙美子女性主义思想的肇始。首先从宏观的角度对西方女性主义思想的流变进行了梳理，简介了西方女性主义运动的三次浪潮和女性主义批评理论的三大派系。其次阐述了西方女性主义思想的流入对日本女性主义思想发展的影响，梳理了自由民权时期日本女性主义运动的发展历程，简评了与谢野晶子、平塚雷鸟在女性解放运动中的影响。最后分析了明治末期激荡的社会语境和特殊的成长环境对林芙美子女性主义思想养成的影响，指出了明治政府推行的女子教育促进了林芙美子的文学开眼。第二章以1922年——1930年间林芙美子的文学作品为研究对象，主要以《看到苍马》为中心，分析这一时期林芙美子作品中女性主义思想的具体表现。首先指出了大正时期民主主义思想的兴起对日本女性主义运动发展的影响，考察了与无政府主义诗人的邂逅对林芙美子女性主义思想形成的影响，探讨了林芙美子在诗集《两个人》当中对男权秩序的越界与突围。其次指出“円本热潮”促进了女性文学的兴起，考察了林芙美子在《女人艺术》这一舞台中的文学创作，分析了林芙美子在这一时期的作品中对女性命运的哲学思考。最后对《看到苍马》进行了文本细读，分析了林芙美子诗歌中对男权秩序发出的叛逆之声，对情欲题材的女性书写以及女诗人的性别觉醒。第三章以1928年——1937年间林芙美子的文学作品为研究对象，主要以《放浪记》为中心，分析初登文坛时期林芙美子文学作品中的女性主义思想。首先对《放浪记》版本的流变进行了梳理，指出女性进行自我书写的艰难和第一人称叙事策略的重要意义。其次考察了近代日本都市女工的出现，指出近代日本资本主义经济的发展为女性脱离“他者”的身份提供了经济上的保障，分析了《放浪记》中对都市女工生存境遇和情感世界的言说。最后指出女作家不厌其烦地对母女关系进行反复书写，其目的是获取对女性自我主体性的追认，《放浪记》当中对共生固恋的母女情怀的书写实质上是对父权的缺位审判。第四章以林芙美子的战争未亡人系列作品为研究对象，主要以《下町》为中心，考察这类作品中的女性主义思想。本章首先厘清了战争未亡人的概念，指出了战争未亡人所面临的生存困境。其次以《下町》为考察对象，指出在生存与死亡的双重纠葛、失节与守节的二律背反下，战争未亡人对生命原欲的张扬，探讨了林芙美子对战争未亡人情感世界和生存状态的关注，分析这类文本中的女性主义思想。第五章以《浮云》、《晚菊》为研究对象，把林芙美子文学中的女性形象作为一个谱系来考察，分析了林芙美子文学中女性身份的建构。首先指出在明治末期这样一个“被全球化”的时代，国家、民族、个人身份面临着重新建构的问题，文学叙事中女性形象谱系的建构成为女性自我身份认知的重要途径。其次对《浮云》中三种不同的女性形象进行了归类总结，指出在男权和父权秩序的联合狙击下，女性群体成为被反射的他者镜像。最后指出在传统的文学叙事中，妓女形象是被伦理道德放逐的边缘人，而《晚菊》中反规妓女形象的形塑则颠覆了传统文学叙事的范式，彰显了女性强烈的自我意识，暗合了女性主义思想的要求。结论部分阐述了各个章节之间的关联性，指出林芙美子的生命历程同日本女性主义的发展进程巧妙重合，她的女性写作是一部同时代女性的言说，内含了丰富的女性主义思想。更多还原

【Abstract】 The aim of this paper is to study feminism in Fumiko Hayashi’s literature. In Japan’s modern history, especially from the late Meiji period to the end of World War Ⅱ, It’s the period that eastern civilization and Western cultures fierce collision occurred, but also it is a period that " Modern Self " was established, in this grand historical process, Seeking the identity of modern Japanese women’s is very eye-catching, they overstepped the gender order of discipline, got rid of the shackles of patriarchal shackles, and established the identity of themselves. As a writer with a distinct gender awareness and a special life experience, Fumiko Hayashi can’t ignore this grand historical process.Her literature focus on the poet’s self-seeking, urban women’s life and the war widow’s lament, she re-examine a new era of cultural identity and social status of women, and to reconstruct the subject of self-cognition of the female groups. This paper attempts to use feminist critical theory to analyze the literary world of Hayashi. The aim is to find Fumiko Hayashi philosophical reflection on modern women’s self-identity. And explore the processes of women’s self-seeking and feminism in Fumiko Hayashi’s literature.This paper consists of an introduction, body and summary. In the introduction section, firstly, pointed out the research object and the significance studies of Fumiko Hayashi’s literary.secondly, summary the studies of Fumiko Hayashi’s literary, pointing out problems and shortcomings which existed prior studies.finally, describes the innovation of this paper, proposed the overall framework and methodology of this paper, and concretely defined the feminism of this paper.Body part consists of five chapters.The first chapter focus on the period from1903to1922, analyzed the onset of Fumiko Hayashi’s feminist thought. Firstly, introduced the women’s liberation movement in western country, and pointed out three waves of women’s liberation movement. Secondly, describes the effect of the western feminism, combing the development process of the civil rights era Japanese Liberal feminism, then comment on the movement of Yosano Akiko and Hiratsuka raichou in women’s liberation movement.Finally, analysis the period of Meiji and Fumiko Hayashi’s surroundings of growth, pointing out the importance of women’s education at Fumiko Hayashi’s growth.The second chapter focus on the period from1922to1930, mainly take" see the pale horse" as the center. Firstly, pointed out the impact of the democratic ideas on the Taisho era Japanese feminist movement development, the effect of the anarchist poet’s encounter against Hayashi Fumiko’s literature, discusses Hayashi Fumiko’s poetry, which named" two people ". Secondly, pointed out that "The ten yen boom" promote the rises about women’s literature, and discuss Hayashi Fumiko’s construction writing in the "Women Arts ", analysis the philosophical thinking of Fumiko Hayashi in this period. Finally, focus on "see pale horse ", analyzing the feminism at Fumiko Hayashi’s poetry.The third chapter focus on the period from1928to1937, take " Horoki" as center, analysis the feminism of Fumiko Hayashi in this period. Firstly, discussed the creative process of "Horoki " v, pointing out the importance of women’s writing and the meaning of first-person narrative. Secondly, discussed the emergence of modern Japanese city workers, noting that Japan’s development of modern capitalist economy helped women escaped from family, analyzes the urban workers living circumstances and emotional world in "Horoki". Finally authoress Fumiko Hayashi’s writing on mother-daughter relationships, the aim is to get the body of the female self.Chapter IV focus on Fumiko Hayashi’s "war widow series ", mainly take "Castle Town" as the research object. Firstly, noting the survival plight of war widow faced. Secondly, take "Castle Town" as the object, pointed out the war widow’s desperate struggle in life. Fumiko Hayashi discussed concerns about the emotional world of war widow and living conditions, and analysis the feminist thought in Fumiko Hayashi’s " war widow series’The fifth chapter focus on "clouds" and "Late Chrysanthemum", study the image of women in Fumiko Hayashi’s literature, analyze the of women’s identity. Firstly, noted the late Meiji such is a "globalized" era when national, ethnic, personal identity issues facing reconstruction, the personal identity of women has become an important problem. Secondly, summarized three different images of women were classified in "cloud", pointing out that under the joint attack patriarchy and the patriarchal order, groups of women who become a reflection in his mirror. Finally, pointed out in the traditional literary narrative, the prostitute who was exiled marginal ethics, but in "Late Chrysanthemum",women become an anti-regulation role, discuss the feminist thought in this novel.Concluding section describes the relationship between the various chapters, noting Hayashi Fumiko’s life course is the development process of the Japanese women, her writing is about women’s writing of the same period, and she is a feminist.更多还原