【作者】 吴国富；

【导师】 聂运麟；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 国外马克思主义研究， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 南亚地区毛主义的产生不是偶然的,它是南亚地区各国经济、政治和社会发展的产物,是南亚各国社会基本矛盾集中发展的结果。20世纪40年代末,中国革命的胜利和新中国建设的历史性成就,极大地鼓舞了南亚各国人民争取民族解放和社会主义的斗争,以至在南亚一些国家的共产党内产生了主张以毛泽东思想为指导和走中国式革命道路的“毛泽东主义”派别。20世纪60年代国际共产主义运动的大辩论和大分裂,激化了各国共产党内有关不同革命发展道路问题的争论,并导致南亚地区各国共产党中的毛主义派别最终分裂出来。它们纷纷单独建立了全国性的共产党组织(毛主义),坚持武装斗争道路开展以夺取国家政权为目标的“人民战争”,被人们称为毛主义运动。在半个多世纪的历史发展进程中,南亚地区毛主义先后经历了高潮、低潮、复兴和整合的四个阶段,如今已经发展成为影响南亚地区社会发展的一支不可忽视的政治力量。当前的南亚地区毛主义,有完整而系统的革命理论作指导,提出了明确的革命纲领和政治斗争目标,制定了有效的革命战略路线和现实政策,建立了严密的政党、军队和各类群众组织,还拥有以广大农村和边远山区为依托的游击区和革命根据地。人们习惯称谓的南亚地区毛主义,实际上是南亚各国共产党中的毛主义派别对马列主义毛泽东思想进行异域解读和革命理论的本土建构的结果。在它们的眼中,马列毛主义是·个统一的不可分割的整体,其中马列主义是基础,毛泽东主义是马列主义的新发展,马列毛主义是马克思主义发展到第三阶段的产物。南亚地区毛主义强调,毛泽东主义在理论上阐释了落后的半殖民地半封建国家如何实现社会主义的理论与策略,因而对于仍然是半殖民地半封建性质的南亚各国来说,坚持毛泽东主义就是坚持马列主义。南亚地区毛主义将本国的社会主义革命分为两个阶段,即新民主主义革命阶段和社会主义革命阶段。实现社会主义并最终过渡到共产主义,是南亚地区毛主义的最高革命纲领；而现阶段的革命纲领,则是开展并完成反帝反封建和反对官僚买办资本主义的新民主主义革命,为社会主义革命扫清障碍和开辟道路。在取得政权的革命策略上,南亚地区毛主义主张开展以土地革命为基础的“持久的人民战争”,走农村包围城市并最后夺取国家政权的道路。同时,它们并不拒绝在有利条件下和政府谈判,通过议会选举,和平民主地取得国家政权。在夺取全国政权之后,党的任务是努力实现新民主主义的政治、经济、文化和社会的基本纲领,为社会主义革命和社会主义建设准备基础。由此可见,南亚地区毛主义是发源于科学社会主义的一个思潮和流派,是南亚地区正在兴起的一场社会主义运动,南亚地区毛主义政党则是马克思主义的工人阶级政党。进入21世纪以来,尤其是“9·11事件”发生以后,南亚地区毛主义一方面是仍然取得了一定的发展：尼泊尔联合共产党(毛主义)在结束十年之久的“人民战争”后,通过议会选举的道路对国家政权展开争夺；印度共产党(毛主义)也正在进行着艰难的武装斗争与非武装斗争；不丹共产党(马列毛主义)则宣称正在为发起“人民战争”而进行着各项准备；孟加拉马列毛主义共产党在党的组织建设上也迈出了新步伐。另一方面,南亚地区毛主义同样面临着严峻挑战。首先,是南亚地区各国政府在以美国为首的国际垄断资本的支持下,打着反对恐怖主义的旗号,加强了对南亚各国毛主义的有组织的清剿行动,从而使南亚各国的毛主义面临着生存危机,其斗争处于非常困难的境地；其次,是新的发展困难使南亚地区毛主义原本存在着的诸多矛盾日益被激化,特别是党内存在着理论与策略的分歧有可能进一步导致组织分裂的危险；最后,为了有效应对新挑战,南亚地区的毛主义政党需要进行新的理论和政策的调整,进一步完善自身的理论与政策,克服过激的理论与政策,努力争取中间群众,以期摆脱面临的生存危机,并谋求进一步的发展。南亚地区各国毛主义的未来发展,一方面取决于南亚地区经济政治的发展能否为其进一步发展提供其有利的生存空间；另一方面则取决于南亚地区毛主义政党理论与策略的正确,并获得到广大人民群众的拥护和支持。所以这是一个“内外兼修”的过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 It isn’t accidental for the arising of Maoist movement in South Asia. It’s the product of the development of economy and politics as well as the basic contradiction in a given society of the countries in South Asia. The victory of Chinese revolution and the historical achievement of the New China’s construction greatly inspired the people all over the South Asia struggling for national liberation and for socialism. And it also inspired the arising of Maoist groups in some Communist Parties of South Asia which claimed to keep Mao Tse-tung Thoughts as guiding thought and to follow the Chinese way of revolution. The mass debate and split of the international communist movement in1960s intensified the disputes about the different way of revolutionary development amongst Communist Parties in different countries. In the end it caused the split-off of Maoist group from the Communist Parties in countries of South Asia. They established independent organizations of Communist Party (Maoist), and carried out "Protracted People’s War" aimed at seizing the state political power by forces.During the process of the revolutionary development over more than half a century, the Maoist movement in South Asia experienced four stages of development, high tide, low tide, renaissance and integration. It has become a significant political power influencing the social development of South Asia. The current Maoist movement in South Asia has intact and systemic revolutionary theory as its guide. It put forward to the specific revolutionary program and political struggle target, and formulated effective revolutionary strategic route and policy, and established tight-knit political parties and various mass organizations, and had revolutionary base areas and revolutionary armed forces led directly by the Communist Parties.In essence, the so-called Maoism or Maoist in South Asia is the interpretation in foreign land and local construction of the revolutionary theory. The Maoist in South Asia believes that Marxism-Leninism-Maoism is a united and indivisible entirety, among which Marxism-Leninism is the base, and Maoism is the new development of Marxism and the higher third phase of Marxism development. The Maoist in South Asia stresses that Maoism explains the theory and strategy for undeveloped semi-colony and semi-feudalism countries to realize socialism. Therefore, for those countries, the nature of which are still semi-colony and semi-feudalism, to stick to Maoism is to stick to Marxism-Leninism. The Maoist in South Asia divides the socialism revolution in its own countries into two phases, the phase of new democratic revolution and the phase of socialism revolution. The maximum revolutionary program of Maoist in South Asia is to realize socialism and then eventually transit to communism. The revolutionary program at the present stage is to carry out and accomplish the new democratic revolution of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism and anti-bureaucratic comprador capitalism, in which way it can clear away the obstacle and carve out the way for socialism. In the respect of the revolutionary strategy to take power, Maoist in South Asia regions carries out the "Protracted People’s War" based on the armed agrarian revolution and takes the road of using the rural areas to encircle the cities and eventually seize the national political power. Maoist in South Asia does not refuse the negotiation with the government under the advantage conditions and does not refuse to peacefully and democratically seize the national political power through parliamentary election. After seizing the national political power, the task of the Party is to strive for realizing the political, economic, and cultural programs of the new democracy society and preparing conditions for socialism revolution and construction. Thus it can be seen that the Maoist in South Asia originated from one of the thoughts and schools of scientific socialism. The Maoist movement in South Asia is the socialism movement that is springing up. The Maoist Parties in South Asia are Marxism working class Parties.In the21st century, especially since the September11attack, the Maoist movement in South Asia has even developed in some way. Ten years after the end of "People’s War", the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) took the state power through parliamentary election. Communist Party of India (Maoist) is also carrying out hard armed struggles and non-armed struggles. Communist Party of Bhutan (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist) claims to make preparations for launching "people’s war". Communist Patty Marxist-Leninist-Maoist Bangladesh takes steps to the organizational construction of the Party.On the other hand, the Maoist movement in South Asia confronts with severe challenges. Firstly, all the governments in South Asia have strengthened their organized suppress against all the Maoist in South Asia, which are going under the support of international monopoly capital headed by America, and which are in the name of anti-terrorism. Thus the Maoist movement throughout the South Asia suffered a very hard position. Secondly, the new difficulty in development of the Maoist in South Asia sharpened the existing varieties of contradictions; especially the divergence in the party’s theory and strategy might cause the possible danger for further organizational division. Finally, in order to effectively deal with the new challenges, the Maoist Parties in South Asia regions needed to again adjust and improve their theory and policy. The extreme theory and policy should be avoided, and great efforts should be made to go out for the middle masses in order to get rid of the confronting survival crisis and strive for further development.The future development of the Maoist in South Asia depends on whether the economic and political development in South Asia will provide favorable living space as well as whether the theory and policy of Maoist Parties in South Asia are correct or not and whether the theory and policy can be supported by the masses and the people. Therefore, it’s a process of "internally and externally."更多还原