【作者】 贺海波；

【导师】 陈伟东；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 当前社会科学对于中国的研究还没有真正搞清楚：国家与农村社会之间到底处于一种怎样的互动关系之中?已有的两种研究路径都存在一些问题：一是从国外理论到中国经验的研究,市民社会、法团主义、治理理论等国外理论进入中国场域后普遍缺乏解释力,主要原因在于其理论背后隐含的理论前提在中国并不存在。二是从中国经验到本土理论的研究,全能主义、压力型体制、双轨政治和集权的简约治理等,要么是理论的社会背景已发生了变迁,要么是用社会的一部分代替整个社会来解释两者的关系,对于解释当下“国家—社会”关系也显得力不从心。村治研究深受其影响,并且村治研究常将“国家—社会”关系研究放在村庄场域中展开,致使国家主体性与社会主体性都体现得不够充分。因此,受国内“过程—事件”分析法与“结构—制度”分析法的启发,笔者建构了“行动者与‘国家—社会’关系结构”的互嵌性分析框架,以前人理论和事实研究为基础,以花镇镇域事实经验为例,来研究中国的国家与社会关系。国家与乡村精英的关系一直存有变迁。国家总是根据不同阶段的治理意图选择不同类型的乡村精英来合作治理乡村。进入现代社会后,从国家政权建设视角来分析国家与农村精英关系是一种很可行的路径：清末民国时期,国家在乡村的政权建设出现了“内卷化”,赢利型经纪人取代保护型经纪人成为村庄的治理者；建国后国家政权建设成效显著,国家对乡村社会实现了全面整合与控制,在社会主义意识形态甄别下贫下中农中的积极分子成为主宰村庄治理的乡村精英；改革开放后,在“乡政村治”治理格局中开展国家政权建设,农村精英开始多样化,但当下国家越来越倾向于选择经济精英来承担国家政权建设。当下农村国家政权建设的内容已经从权力渗透与资源提取转变为权力渗透、农村公共产品的提供和农村公民权利与义务的发展等方面。花镇的事实经验中,经济精英的特殊身份只在提供农村公共产品方面可以做一点特别的成绩,至于其它方面则功劳甚微。国家与经济精英在当下的结盟更为主要的原因是在项目制发展背景下,乡镇可以树立发展典型,打造主要官员晋升的政绩,经济精英则可以实现自己利益的增量发展。这才是当下国家与经济精英紧密互动的核心逻辑。不同立场的思想家对于何为分配正义与如何实现分配正义都存有较大差异性,主要是因为其思考分配正义的逻辑起点的差异：功利主义思想家基于最大幸福思考分配正义,坚持功利原则与最大幸福原则；自由主义思想家基于权利思考再分配,其内部又分为有关平等的分配正义和有关自由的持有正义；社群主义思想家基于公共善思考再分配,主张共同体的善优先于正义；马克思基于生产关系来思考分配正义问题,主张分配正义决不能超出社会的经济结构以及由经济结构制约的社会的文化发展。处于现代化进程中,我国分配正义经历了几次转型：从“效率优先、兼顾公平”到“初次分配注重效率、再分配注重公平”再到提高劳动报酬在收入分配中的比重。国家的政策制度往往直接影响了分配正义。在花镇实践中,国家出台的政策最后落实到普通群体的利益分配在其期望的底线之上,两者之间就是一种和谐和守序的底线互动；如果在其期望的底线之下,经过一段时间发酵沉淀,普通群体就会反对引起结果非正义的政策与国家进行抗争式的激烈的底线互动。国家在执行政策时,如果程序是正义的,或者程序非正义在普通群体所容忍的底线之上,国家与普通群体就表现为一种和平有序的互动；如果程序非正义降落到普通群体所容忍的底线以下,国家与普通群体之间就表现出一种激烈博弈的底线互动。国家自主性理论缘起马克思主义国家观中的国家相对独立性观点,后来发展为新马克思主义国家观,当下又有“回归国家”学派的继承和发展。发展中国家需要较强的自主性来保障现代化建设的秩序,这是为世界经验所证明的。我国的国家自主性也具有历史性特点：改革开放前,国家对于社会具有绝对的自主性；改革开放以后,国家的自主性出现了两分的现象,其一是国家制度化能力有增无减,其二是国家执行政策制度的能力却日益削弱。经过对现有研究的梳理发现,作为国家代表的乡镇的自主性是一种非完全自主性,其主要受到上层政府的政策法律制度、社会意识形态、维权话语、政府角色定位不准与边缘群体等因素影响。花镇在与边缘群体互动时的自主性主要表现为：构建严密的信访治理网络、设计信访治理的多重调节程序、调动一切可利用的治理资源和专断式处决。专断式处决表现为开口子、政策变通或兜底等来摆平难缠的上访,以获得暂态的稳定秩序。而花镇边缘群体与国家进行博弈的自主性体现在权利意识不断增强、善于讲政治与胡搅蛮缠和“信访不信法”等方面。当两种自主性在当前乡村治理中发生碰撞时,国家与边缘群体呈现出一种离散互动的关系。从马克思与韦伯的两种经典社会分层理论及其发展中至少可以得出几个一般化结论：一是社会分层标准是对客观存在的社会事实的主观反映。二是社会分层标准直接与学者的理论兴趣相关联。三是社会分层标准是学者解释、改造社会事实的工具。四是后来的学者不能僵化地看待这些经典及其发展了的社会分层理论,而应该带着这些理论资源进入到不断发展变化的社会事实中去,发现新的社会分层的标准,从而对发展了的社会事实作发展性的解读,并推动社会的良性发展。以财富收入、对待政策制度的态度、策略行动和身份声望为分层标准,可将花镇镇域社会分为精英群体、普通群体和边缘群体。传统社会关系结构——差序格局经过几千年的沉淀已经深藏于我国文化价值观之中,当下正从传统向现代的转型过程,差序格局作为一种深刻的传统社会关系结构不可能再维持原来的状态,但也不可能一下子就消失殆尽,而是根据变化了的社会事实呈现出新的状貌。花镇治理中的国家、精英群体、普通群体与边缘群体等主体之间的互动博弈,遵循着当下特有的利益和情感等逻辑,以国家为核心单位,精英群体、普通群体与边缘群体差序性的围绕在国家周围,与国家的互动关系呈现出愈推愈薄的差序格局特征。更多还原

【Abstract】 For the current social science research in China has not really clear:is what kind of interaction between the state and rural society in the end? The two research paths have been some problems: First, the study from theory abroad to experience in China, civil society, corporatism, governance theory and other theories have been general lack of explanatory power in China, the main reason is that the theoretical premise does not exist in China. Second, the study from Chinese experience to the local theory also appears to lack of strength to explain the "state-society" relation. Totalism, pressure system, dual track politics and centralized minimalism, or their social background has undergone changes, either they explain the relationship between state and society with a part of the community instead of the entire community. By which rural governance research deeply affected, and rural governance research often put the relationship of "state-society" on the villages, which causes that the state subjectivity and society subjectivity are not adequately reflected. Thus, inspired by the domestic "process-event" analysis and "structure-system" analysis, the author constructed the mutually embedded analytical framework of "actors and’state-society’relationship structure" to study the relationship between the state and the society in China, based on Previous theoretical and empirical studies, exemplified by the practical experience in Flower Town.The relationship between the state and rural elite has been in transition. The state always chooses different types of rural elite cooperatively to govern the rural, according to the intention of the different stages. After entering the modern society, it is a very feasible path to analyze the relationship between the state and rural elite from the perspective of "state regime construction". In the late Qing Dynasty and the period of the Republic of China, the state appeared "involution" in state regime construction, profitable brokers replaced protective agent into the village governance; After the founding of the PRC, state regime construction had been completed, the state integrated and control rural society in all directions, In the socialist ideology, the poor and lower-middle peasants become rural elite who dominated the village governance; After the reform and opening up, carrying out state regime construction in the "township government and village governance" pattern, rural elite began to diversify, but now the state is more and more inclined to choose the economic elite to bear "state regime construction". The present state regime construction has changed from Power penetration and resource extraction to power penetration, provision of public goods, development of rights and obligations of rural citizens and so on, in rural areas. In the practical experience of Flowers Town, the special status of economic elites can do a little special achievements, only in the provision of public goods in rural areas, as for other aspects contribute little. The present more possible logic about the alliance of state and economic elite is in the background of project scheme development, township can establish a typical rural development, create the promoted achievements for principal officials, economic elites can increase their own interests, which is the core logic of the close interaction of the present state and economic elites.Different positions of the thinkers on what is the distributive justice and how to realize the justice of distribution have great difference, mainly because of differences of the logical starting point of their thinking distributive justice:Utilitarianism thinkers adhere to the principle of utility and the greatest happiness principle, based on the greatest happiness of distributive justice; Liberal thinkers study redistribution based on rights, which is divided internally into the equal distribution justice and freedom justice in holdings; Communitarian thinkers research redistribution based on public good, advocating that community good has prior to justice; Marx think about the problem of distributive justice based on relations of production, and argues that distributive justice must not go beyond the social economical structure and the social cultural development restricted by the economic structure. In the process of modernization, China has undergone several transformation of distributive justice: from "giving priority to efficiency due consideration to fairness" to "first time allocate to pay attention to efficiency, repartition to pay attention to fairness" to increasing the labor share in income distribution. The state policy system often directly affects the justice of distribution. In the practice of Flower Town, if the state policies finally distribute interests to general population on the bottom line of their expectation, it is a kind of harmonious and disciplined interaction based the bottom line between them. If they are under the bottom line, after a period of fermentation of precipitation, the general population will intensely fight with the state, against the injustice result which caused by the policy. When the state implements policy, if the program is justice, or procedure injustice on the bottom line tolerated by general population, the state and the general population will appear to be a peaceful and orderly interaction. If the program injustice descends to the bottom line tolerated by the general population, they exhibits an intense game interactive based on the bottom line.State autonomy theory had its origin in the state relative independence view of Marxism view of the state, and later developed into the new Marxism state view, now has been inherited and developed by "Return to the State" School. Developing countries need stronger independent to guarantee the modernization construction order, which is proved to be the world’s experience. China’s state independence also has historic characteristics:before the reform and opening up, the state had the absolute autonomy for society; after the reform and opening up, the state autonomy appeared two phenomena:one is the increasing institutional ability, the second is the increasingly weakened ability to execute national policy and system. After combing the existing studies, it is found that state agency’s township autonomy is a non-complete autonomy, which mainly is affected by the upper government policy, legal and system, social ideology, human rights discourse, the role of government and the marginal groups and other factors. In the interaction between state and marginal groups, the Flower Town autonomy is mainly as follows:to construct tight petition management network, to design multiple adjustment program of petition governance, to mobilize all available resources and to execute by arbitrary style. Arbitrary executions is smooth intractable petition out with concessions, policies flexibility and government backing. Playing games with the state, the marginal groups autonomy is reflected in growing awareness of their rights, being good at using politics, importuning the state "believing in the petition, disbelieving in the law" and so on. When two independence collide in the current rural governance, state and marginal groups show a discrete interaction.From Marx and Webb’s two classical theories of social stratification and its development, several generalized conclusions can be drawn at least:first, the social stratification standard is the subjective reflection of the objective social facts; second, social stratification standard is associated directly with the scholar’s interest in the theory; third, the social stratification criteria is a tool with which scholars explain and transform the social fact; last, the later scholars cannot rigidly view these classic and developed theories of social stratification, and should take them into the social fact of development and change, to find the new standard of social stratification, thus to make interpretation of the development for the developed social facts, and to promote the healthy development of society. In order to wealth and income, policies and systems, strategic action, identity and prestige as the social stratification criteria, Flower Town’s society can be divided into the elite groups, general groups and marginalized groups. After thousands of years of sedimentation, the traditional social structure——pattern of difference sequence has been deep in the Chinese culture values. In the process of transition from traditional to modern, the pattern of difference sequence cannot maintain the original state as a profound, traditional and social relationship structure, cannot suddenly disappear, but can show a new appearance according to changes in the social facts. The interaction between the elite groups, general groups and marginalized groups in the Flower Town governance, follows the unique interest and emotional logic in the present. With the state as the core unit, the interaction shows the characteristics of difference sequence pattern between the state and the elite groups, general groups and marginalized groups, which are difference around the state.更多还原