【作者】 李甲男（Lee Kapnam）；

【导师】 徐杰；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 对外汉语教学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 主语和话题是汉韩两种语言的语法研究中两个重要概念。它们一直以来都是学界关注的对象。学者们从不同的角度,用不同的理论和方法进行了对比,成果也极为丰富。目前汉韩语言学界主语与话题是否相异的问题成为大家研究的焦点,很多问题还有待进一步商讨。徐杰(2001、2003)明确指出话题和主语是性质完全不同的语法范畴,主语是一种普通的句法成分,而话题是一个带有语法效应的语用概念。本文立足于以上的理论对汉韩两语主语和话题,如汉韩主语与话题界定、主语省略现象、话题标记、句法成分的话题化等问题,进行重新考察和研究。通过对比,关于汉韩主语和话题的异同,本文得出的结论如下：1.汉语的许多句子没有足够的形式标记来区分主语和话题,汉语是话题优先的语言。韩语的主语与话题都有明显的形式标记,韩语是主语和话题都优先的语言；汉语和韩语的主语都是句子的主要成分,其位置在谓语前,允许无主句,也不需要相当于英语“it”和"there"一类的成分作“傀儡主语”,主语省略的现象特别突出。不同的是,汉语主语没有形态标记,汉语里充当主语的成分,意义上没有什么限制；而韩语主语有主格助词“(?)(i)/(?)(ka)、(?)”(kkeyse)"等,而且在一般的情况下语义上施事成分可以充当主语；虽然汉语和韩语的基本语序不同,但是它们的话题具有的主要特征却是相同的,即话题是后面述题部分所关涉的对象,占据句首位置,带话题标记,表示旧信息(已知信息),有定的。不同的是汉语话题结构中句首的那些成分常常分析为主语成分；而在韩语中话题所充当的句法成分分别看做主语、宾语、状语等。2.汉韩主语省略中常见的是承前省略和蒙后省略。承前省略是,顺着上面已经确立的话题继续说下去,无疑是一种自然省力的方式,因此主语省略中大部分是承前省略,而蒙后省略不多见。汉韩主语承前省略,根据句子中所省略的成分可将省略的类型分为主语承主语省略、主语承宾语省略、主语承定语省略等,其中主语承主语省略最为常见；汉语是基本上没有形态变化的语言,在表达上讲究实际效果,不太讲究形式。因此,利用语境所提供的信息,经常省去表达上非必要信息的词语,只留下表达必要信息的词语。与汉语相比韩语主语省略更自由、灵活,而且频率高。韩语主语省略现象是与谓语的形式和特点密切相关的,一些句末谓语的表达方式决定句子主语的人称,此时主语就可以省略。韩语主语也在一定的语用和语篇条件下可以省略。我们认为讨论汉韩主语省略的问题时,不能局限于同一复句中,不能把句子从文章中抽出来,孤立地就句论句。只有上下文联系起来,在具体的语言环境中分析探讨,才能分辨清楚什么是承前省略,什么是蒙后省略。3.汉语和韩语的话题句中,话题一般占据句首位置,其中,汉语的话题里有很多无标记话题,因此辨认汉语的话题时对语序的依靠度非常高。而韩语中话题的情况却有所不同,韩语里的话题大部分是有标记的话题,不使用话题标记情况仅仅限于在上下文的关系上可以辨认话题的时候；汉语话题标记的种类比较多：语序、停顿可以看作广义的话题标记,从狭义理解上看,只有“啊、嘛、吧、呢”等提顿词和“关于、至于、对于”等介词,才可以被看成话题标记。有的话题句里提顿词和介词可以共现,但提顿词标示话题时仍然带有一定的语气意义,因此,它与之共现的介词搭配时也受到限制。韩语的话题标记,除了语序和停顿以外,还有一个特定的词形标记,即特殊助词“-(?)(nun)”。韩语的特殊助词“-(?)(nun)”是专用性很高的话题标记,具有表示话题和对比的功能。在话题化的过程中,如果“nun”用在主格或宾格的位置时,主格助词和宾格助词必须删除,此时特殊助词“nun”看起来似乎承担格的功能,但实际情况并非如此。虽然“nun”不可以和主格助词、宾格助词连用,然而却可以与处格助词、与格助词、共同格助词等副词格助词连用。这就说明,特殊助词“-(?)(nun)”是与格无关的,只有格助词可以表示格关系。4.汉韩句法成分的话题化过程中使用的手段都是“移位”,句法成分的话题化过程也基本上相同,某句法成分要成为话题成分的话,要移至句首位置。不移位,向后移位,或者虽前移而不移至句首,都构不成话题化。如果把宾语的移位看成一种话题化的现象,那么是指本来不具有话题功能的宾语通过移位具有了话题的功能,更进一步说移动方向应该是使话题具有话题功能的那个位置。从功能的角度看,这个位置通常叫句首。虽然两种语言中话题占据的位置相同,但韩语中这种成分只能分析为提前的宾语,而不能分析为主语,因此在韩语中经过话题化过程的句子只能叫做“话题化句”。这一点是跟汉语大不相同的,因为汉语把这种移位后的成分看作主语,认为整个句子构成“双主语结构”。更多还原

【Abstract】 The subject and the topic are two important concepts of the grammatical studies in the Chinese and Korean languages, thus they have constantly gained attention in the academic world. Fruitful results have been attained by scholars researching from distinctive perspectives and applying different theories and methodologies. Currently, the research focus is whether the subject is different from the topic, and there are many questions to be further discussed. Xu Jie (2001,2003) pointed out that the topic is a distinctive grammatical category from the subject. Based on this idea, this dissertation aims to re-examine and analyze the grammatical issues such as the subject and the topic in Chinese and Korea, the differentiation of the subject and the topic, the subject ellipsis, the topic markers, the topicalization of the syntactic components.The conclusions are summarized as the following through a comparison of the subject and the topic in Chinese and Korean.1. Chinese has no syntactic markers to differentiate the subject and the topic, thus it is a topic-prominent language. Korean has apparent syntactic markers to distinguish the subject and the topic, thus it is a subject-prominent and topic-prominent language. In Chinese and Korean, the subject is the major component of the sentence and it precedes the predicate. Chinese and Korean both allow subject ellipsis and do not need "dummy subject" as "it" or "there" in English to fill in the subject position. What is different is Chinese does not have the syntactic marker for the subject, and semantically there are no restrictions for the subject, while Korean has the nominative case markers "(?)(i)/(?)(ka)、(?)(kkeyse)" to mark the subject and semantically only the agent can act as the subject. Though the word order of the two languages are different, they share similar topic features. The topic in both languages involves the about-ness of the following theme structure. It occupies the initial position of the sentence, carries the topic markers, denotes the old (known) information and is definite. However, the initial component of Chinese topic structure is often analyzed as the subject, while the topic in Korean is often regarded as the subject, the object or the adverbial.2. The typical subject ellipsis in Chinese and Korean is the forward ellipsis and the backward ellipsis. The forward ellipsis is a continuation of the established topic, and by no doubt it is more economical. Therefore, the subject ellipsis is mostly forward ellipsis, while the backward ellipsis is not common to see. According to the types of the omitted components in a sentence, the forward ellipsis can be categorized as the subject forward ellipsis, the object forward ellipsis, the attributive forward ellipsis, with the subject forward ellipsis as the typical elliptical construction. Chinese has basically no morphological changes, and thus emphasizes more the pragmatic effects. Based on the contextual information, Chinese often omits words with unnecessary information and retains the words expressing the necessary information. Compared with Chinese, the subject ellipsis in Korean is more flexible and more frequently used. The subject ellipsis in Korean is closely related with the morphological features of the predicate. The subject can be dropped once the morphological features of the predicate can help determine the subject. The subject can also be omitted under certain pragmatic or contextual situations. We hold that the discussion of the subject ellipsis in Chinese and Korean cannot be constrained to sentences, it should be also extended to the context because the context can help differentiate the forward ellipsis and the backward ellipsis.3. In the Chinese and Korean topic constructions, the topic usually occupies the initial position of the sentence. Since Chinese does not mark the topics, the identification of the topic depends largely on its word order. However, the situation in the Korean topic is different, Korean topics are mostly marked, the unmarked topics are only constrained to topics which can be identified in the context. In a broad sentence, the word order and the pause can be regarded as the grammatical means to mark Chinese topics. In a narrow sense, only the particles "a, ma, ba, ne" and the prepositions "guanyu, zhiyu, duiyu" can also be considered as topic markers. In some Chinese topic constructions, the particles and the prepositions can co-occur to mark the topic. Since the particles carry modality, they are subject to the constraints when co-occurring with the prepositions. Apart from the word order and the pause, the Korean topic markers also include a designated marker "(?)(nun)". It is often highly used in Korean topic constructions to denote the topic or the contrast. In the process of the topicalization, if "(?)-(nun)" is used in the subject or the object position, the nominative or accusative case marker has to be deleted. In this case,"(?)(nun)" seems also to mark the case, but this is not true. Though "(?)(nun)" can not co-occur the nominative or accusative case marker, it can co-occur with local case marker, the dative case marker, and the comitative case marker. This shows that "(?)(nun)" has nothing to do with the case, only case makers denote the case.4. The topic construction in Chinese and Korean is realized through movement. The topicalization of certain syntactic components is a process of the movement of the components to the initial position of the sentence. No movement, backward movement or the movement not to the initial position cannot generate the topic construction. If the movement of the object is a process of topicalization, it means that the object which does not originally denote the topic acquires the function of denoting the topic because it is moved to the position which denotes the topic. This position, syntactically, is the sentence-initial position. Though the topic in Chinese and English occupies the same position, the topic in Korean can only be analyzed as the preposed object instead of the subject, thus the sentence undergoing the topicalization is called "the topicalized sentence". This is quite different from Chinese as in Chinese the preposed component is regarded as the subject, and the whole sentence is often called "the double subject sentence".更多还原