【作者】 向家宇；

【导师】 向德平； 黄承伟；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 社会学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 改革开放以来,中国农村的贫困治理取得了巨大成就,为全球减贫事业做出了卓越的贡献。但在这些年的扶贫工作中,一些长期存在的、阻碍贫困治理效率的因素仍然存在。在微观层面上,最为显著的问题在于扶贫对象对扶贫过程的弱参与性,在一定程度上导致贫困治理中“农民主体性”地位的丧失。这使得部分扶贫资源不能有效的切合当地实际需求,也往往造成“久扶不脱贫”的困境。一个很显然的事实是,在未来的农村贫困治理中,我们不能像上世纪末一样依赖于高速经济增长实现农村贫困人口大幅减少。已有的研究显示,在近几年的发展过程中,经济发展的益贫性和包容性越来越低。因此,当前及今后一个时期,中国农村贫困治理需要更加注重通过扶贫体制、机制创新,提升扶贫资源的使用效率,强化扶贫工作的精准度,在此基础上,实现贫困地区的内源性发展。“贫困治理中的农民组织化”是一个老问题,但是一个新概念。在发展援助中,将援助对象组织起来,形成一个基于一定规则的农民组织,并使其广泛的参与到援助过程中来,这种援助方式起源于一些国际组织的社区发展项目。上世纪90年代以来,在一些国际援助机构的影响和推动下,政府主导的农村贫困治理也开始注重农民的参与,并尝试进行组织化的方式推进农村减贫工作。本研究结合中国农村贫困治理的历史进程,详细梳理了贫困治理中农民组织化出现的历程、基本类型及生成背景。根据援助主体对受援地区的资源输入类型,本研究将贫困治理中的农民组织化分为强价值输入型、强制度输入型和强利益输入型三种类型。在此基础上,本研究从内源性发展理论出发,结合已有的相关研究,讨论了贫困治理中的农民组织化与内源性发展理论的内在联系。在实地研究中,本研究选取了S省三个贫困村的组织化贫困治理实践作为研究对象,立足于内源性发展理论,按照资源传递——资源承接——资源内生的研究逻辑对本研究的主题进行了详细考察。研究发现：在资源传递过程中：政府与社会组织在与社区组织的互动过程中存在多个维度上的显著差异。这种差别体现在项目组织的建构、组织目标和原则、组织监管和组织评估四个维度。组织化贫困治理虽然是政府的一种主动求变的贫困治理方式,但在在政府与社区组织的互动中,仍难以突破对既有体制的依赖,体现为较强的自上而下特征和行政化色彩。而社会组织主导的贫困治理则具有较强的专业化色彩,参与式方法贯穿在组织化的全过程。在贫困治理目标设定上,政府更注重对资金的管理,注重农户经济收入提升,而社会组织则注重以收入为核心的多个维度的社区发展。在资源承接过程中：农民的组织化过程是一个社区公共性的建构过程,因而,这种附带发展资源的组织化会与村社的公共事务相连接,从而形成相互建构的格局。组织化的贫困治理的发展情况,主要遵循着村社内部的治理逻辑,以“参与”为工具的外部干预主体很难介入到社区。贫困治理中的农民组织化,更主要取决于村社自治组织及村社精英的自律能力。在后税费时代,由于村社组织的弱化,以及市场对村社的侵蚀,贫困治理中的农民组织化过程具有极大的脆弱性。在社区生态环境差的地方,进行组织化贫困治理,不仅不会达到减贫效果,甚至还会恶化村社治理。在资源内生过程中：组织化的贫困治理模式虽然不能解决农户的跨越型社会资本,但却在挖掘和深化内部同质性社会资本方面具有优势。以“参与”为核心组织化的贫困治理方式符合贫困地区小农的行动逻辑,通过增加农户的社会资本,从而实现农户生计资本的提升。实证调查显示,以“参与”为原则的组织规则建构能提升农户的生计主体性,以人为中心的组织化技术传播方式可以增强农户的养殖能力,社区精英动员能带动贫困户调整生计结构。这种研究表明,需要重视援助过程中微观意义上的细节和发生机制,作为外来者的援助机构,不能仅仅关注农户缺什么,还要关注农户能做什么。在结论与讨论部分,本研究以案例为基础,对中国农村的贫困治理进行了进一步的反思。本研究的政策涵义在于三个方面：一是在“大扶贫”的整体格局下,应进一步强化国家对农村的介入,以积极的方式实现“精准扶贫”；二是要高度重视贫困村的基层组织在农村贫困治理中的作用,将农村贫困治理与基层组织建设统一起来；三是应该逐步探索通过农村精英带动、一般农户支持、贫困农户参与的方式提升农村贫困治理的效率。在讨论部分,本研究指出,农村贫困问题的根本缓解,要依赖于以国家为单位的内源发展战略。以社区为单位的内源性发展过程作为一种微观意义上的减贫策略,在一定程度上可以促进农户生计资本增长,但受到的限制性因素多于积极性因素。更多还原

【Abstract】 China had achieved a great success in poverty governance since the economic reform of China, and made a outstanding contribution to the global poverty alleviation. However, there still have some long-term existing factors that could decrease the efficient of poverty governance during these years’ work. From the microcosm level, the most obviously problem is the low level of willingness of helped people to participate in this process, which leads to loss the position of "Peasantry Subjectivity". Moreover, it also cause the situation that resources is not effectively satisfy the local needs, and then fall into a dilemma that the poor is still poor.One clear fact is that, governance of poverty to reduce the proportion of poor people in the future will no longer totally depend on a high speed of economic develop as we did on last century. Some research shows the advantage to the poor from economic development and its inclusive level are decreasing. Therefore, in order to achieve an efficiency governance of poverty, we should put more attention on improve the governance process, usage of resource and strength the working precision, after that, achieve the self development in poor area."The organization of peasants in the Governance for poverty reduction" is an old problem but also a new concept. During the helping process, the helper should organize all the poor people to become a group with certain rule, to allow everyone can take part in helping process; this method is from the community development projects of some international organizations. On last century, influenced by some international public assistance organization, the government began to emphasize the participation of peasant in poverty governance, and tried to improve the poverty reduction process through organizational method.This research will combine the history of Chinese poverty governance in rural area. Clear describe how the peasant organization appear, different type of organization and its background. This research will separate the peasant organization in poverty governance into three types, which are strong value input, strong regulation input and strong benefit input. Base on that, this research will start with Inside Development Theory, combine with other exist research, to discuss the inter-relation between peasant organization and Inside Development Theory.This research choose three poor villages’ poverty governance as samples in on-the-field research, and conduct a detailed inspection on this topic base on Inside Development Theory and follow the research logic, resource delivery—resource receive—self production from inside. This research shows:In resource delivery process, there are several remarkable different in different aspect between the government and social organizations and the community organizations in interaction process. They are exist in the structure of objective organization, target and principle, organization monitor and organization evaluation. Although the peasant organization was initiative by the government, but it still hard to break through the dependency of current mechanism, shown by the top-to-bottom political characteristic. However, the poverty governance leading by social organization required more professional among the whole process. For the problem about what is the target of poverty management, the government may more concern about the economic rise of peasant, but social organization would be more focuses on not just economic, but the development of community as a whole.In resource receive process, the peasant organization process is a public community construction process, therefore, this kind of organization with resource will connect to the public affair of village, and then unite. The development schedule of organization for poverty governance will follow the governance logic of the village, the outsider is hard to intervene into the community. So the success of peasant organization in poverty governance is more depend on self-regular organization and elite in villages. In the late tax age, due to weaken of organization in villages and corrode by market, the peasant organization will be very weak. Especially in some bad environment area, conduction of peasant organization will has contrast effect.In the self production process, although peasant organization for poverty governance cannot solve the stride across social capital of peasant, but it has the advantage on discover and improve the inside homogeny social capital. The code of organization is "participation" which is more suitable to the peasant’s behavior logic in poor area. Research shows, this method can improve the living subjective of peasant, also can spread breeding technology to peasant faster, and elite in community also can motivate the poor to change their living structure. This research states, during the helping process, it should put more attention on details and roof cause, as outside organizations, we should not just focus on what they need, but also what they can do.In the conclusion and discussion part, this research will base on the cases, I will think further about the poverty governance in China. There were three Policy implications of this study:Firstly, under the overall pattern of " organization Governance for poverty reduction,"we should further strengthen the country’s involvement in the countryside and achieve "accurate poverty" in a positive way; Secondly, we must attach great importance to the role of grass organization of impoverished village in the governance of rural poverty, unite poor governance with the building of rural grassroots organizations; Thirdly,we should gradually explore the drive through rural elite, general farmers support and the participation of poor farmers ways to improve the efficiency of the rural poor governance. In the discussion section, the study pointed out that the fundamental mitigation of the problem of rural poverty, dependented on endogenous development strategy in the country as a unit. as a microcosmic sense community-based Endogenous development of poverty reduction strategies, can promote the livelihood capital growth of farmers at a certain extent, but the limiting factors were more than positive factors.更多还原