【作者】 何章银；

【导师】 崔启明；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 国际关系， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。地震、海啸等自然灾害,内乱等人为灾害,化学中毒、核泄漏等技术性灾害给人类的生命财产安全带来了巨大的威胁。当灾害的影响超越一国国界或者救灾超越一国自救能力时,救灾合作(寻求国际援助或者实施国际援助)就成为主权国家的不二选择。救灾外交的主要目的之一就是促进国际救灾合作,以期应对灾害威胁,减轻灾害对人类造成的影响,救灾外交同样可以重塑国家形象,改善国际关系。救灾外交势必影响国际关系(国际合作与国际冲突),成功的救灾外交将促进国际合作,改善国际关系,失败的救灾外交将导致国际冲突,引发国际危机；同样,现有的国际关系也将影响救灾外交的成效,特别是国际救灾合作的开展,处于合作中的国际关系将对救灾外交产生积极影响,国家间将更易于合作,包括展开救灾在内的各项合作,而处于冲突中的国际关系将对救灾外交产生消极影响,国家间难于展开有效合作,或者合作程度大打折扣,甚至加剧国际冲突。影响救灾外交的主要因素包括：一是一国总体外交政策,救灾外交是非传统外交的一种重要形式,但一定要服务于该国总体外交政策；二是国际关系现状,特别是受灾国与援助国间的关系现状,冲突中的国际关系将对救灾外交产生消极作用；三是灾害对受灾国所造成的影响；四是受灾国对灾害的应对能力,如果超过受灾国的应灾能力,迫于救灾的需要,受灾国在救灾外交中的选择余地将大打折扣；五是援助国国际救援能力,包括经济实力、军事实力、国际救灾体制机制等,如若一国国际救援能力不济,将严重影响其救灾外交的选择及作为,美国具有超强的实力,在国际救援方面表现可圈可点,且借重全球军事布局,可快速参与国际应灾救灾,可根据美国的国家利益灵活展开救灾外交,而一些小国,因国力有限,无法与美国等大国相媲美,展开救灾外交的选择就非常有限。中国自1980年开始接受国际援助,中国救灾外交蹒跚前行,进入20世纪90年代,以“国际减灾十年”为契机,中国积极参与国际救灾,进入21世纪,中国救灾外交取得巨大进步,特别是以2004年印度洋海啸为契机,中国展开了史上对外最大规模的援助,作为援助国,中国开展了成功的援助救灾外交,以2008年中国汶川地震为契机,中国作为受灾国,全面接受国际援助,从接受物资到接受国际救援队医疗队来灾区参与救灾,从而展开了全方位救灾外交。中国救灾外交随着中国外交的变化而变化。一是对外援助的对象国选择上由以社会主义国家为主到以受灾国及其应灾能力等方面考虑为主；二是中国救灾外交变得更加灵活和开放；三是中国救灾外交从以物资援助为主转为物资援助与支援灾区人道救援相结合。本文从中国救灾外交的现状、评估和展望展开论述。中国救灾外交形式多样,主要包括声援慰问、协商合作、救灾演习与救灾支援。中国救灾外交参与机制涵盖从联合国机制、区域机制(亚洲机制)、次区域机制(东亚机制与上合机制)、三边机制(包括中俄印三国机制与中日韩三国机制)到双边机制。中国救灾外交的实施提升了中国国家形象,加深了中国同周边国家的合作,拓宽了中国全球外交视野。但也还存在法律机制不健全,技术装备不完善与政治因素的干扰几方面的障碍。为了更好地推进救灾外交,中国需要创造合适的条件,包括理论的发展、机制的建设与硬件的完善等。在救灾外交策略方面,要以救灾合作为契机,搭建沟通平台、改善国际关系、提升国家实力(特别是软实力)。所以,中国救灾外交应积极主动有为,寻求救灾外交话语权,在全球范围内谋划布局。更多还原

【Abstract】 Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight.Earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural disasters, civil strife and other man-made disasters, toxic chemical, nuclear leakage and other technical disasters have brought great threat to the safety of human life and property. When the impact of the disaster is beyond the borders of a country or beyond the ability for disaster relief of a country, the disaster relief cooperation (to seek international assistance or implementation of the international aid) becomes the only best choice of a sovereign state.One of the main purposes of Disaster Relief Diplomacy is to promote international cooperation to respond to disasters threaten and reduce the impact of disasters on human beings. Disaster Relief Diplomacy can also remodel a country’s image, improve international relations. Disaster Relief Diplomacy is bound to affect international relations (international cooperation or international conflicts). The success of Disaster Relief Diplomacy will promote international cooperation improve international relations, while the failure of Disaster Relief Diplomacy will lead to international conflict, triggering an international crisis; similarly, the current international relations will also affect the effectiveness of Disaster Relief Diplomacy, particularly to carry out international Disaster Relief Diplomacy. If the international cooperation has a positive impact on Disaster Relief Diplomacy, the cooperation between countries will be easier, including disaster relief cooperation and its expanded cooperation; and if the international conflict has a negative impact on Disaster Relief Diplomacy, the cooperation between countries will be difficult to start or be greatly reduced, and even aggravate international conflicts.The main factors affecting the Disaster Relief Diplomacy include:first, a country’s overall foreign policy. Disaster Relief Diplomacy is an important form of non-traditional diplomacy, but it must serve the country’s overall diplomacy; second, the current state of international relations, especially the current relationship between the affected countries and donor countries, international relations under conflict will have a negative effect on Disaster Relief Diplomacy; third, the impact of disasters on the affected countries; fourth, the affected country’s capacity to respond to disasters. If it is beyond the capacity of the affected countries, but badly needs disaster relief, the choice of Disaster Relief Diplomacy of the affected countries will be greatly reduced; fifth, the international aid and rescue capabilities of the donor country, including economic power, military power, international relief institutional mechanisms and so on. If it is beyond the capability of a country to respond to disaster relief, it will seriously affect the their choice of Disaster Relief Diplomacy. The United States has super power, with remarkable performance in disaster relief diplomacy. Depending on global military layout, USA can quickly be involved in international disaster relief, and Disaster Relief Diplomacy can be flexibly expanded according to the national interests of the United States. For some small countries, due to the limited strength, incomparable with the United States and other major powers,the choice of adopting Disaster Relief Diplomacy is very limited.In1980China began to accept international aid, and at that time China’s Disaster Relief Diplomacy had a slow progress. Entering the1990s, the "International Decade" as an opportunity, China actively participated in international disaster relief. In the21st century, China has made great progress in Disaster Relief Diplomacy, especially the2004Indian Ocean tsunami, China launched the largest foreign aid in its history and conducted a successful Disaster Relief Diplomacy as a donor country. The earthquake in China in2008, as an affected country, China accepted the full forms of international assistance from accepting supplies to accept international rescue teams involved in disaster relief teams to the affected areas, which launched comprehensive Disaster Relief Diplomacy.China’s Disaster Relief Diplomacy varies according to the change of Chinese diplomacy. Firstly, selecting the target countries on foreign aid has changed from the socialist-oriented countries to disaster affected countries and their ability to be the main consideration. Secondly, China’s Disaster Relief Diplomacy has become more flexible and open. Thirdly, China’s Disaster Relief Diplomacy has changed from material-oriented assistance to the combination of the material assistance with humanitarian aid.This paper mainly argues the present situation, assessment and outlook of China’s Disaster Relief Diplomacy. The main forms of China’s Disaster Relief Diplomacy include solidarity condolences, consultation and cooperation, disaster relief exercises and supporting for disaster relief. The main mechanisms of China’s Disaster Relief Diplomacy include the United Nations disaster relief cooperation mechanism, regional mechanism (Asia disaster relief cooperation mechanism), sub-regional mechanisms (the mechanism of East Asia and the Shanghai Cooperation relief cooperation mechanism), trilateral mechanisms (Sino-Russia-India disaster relief cooperation mechanism,Sino-Japan-ROK disaster relief cooperation mechanism) and bilateral mechanisms (including China and the affected countries, China and the donor countries, China and non-affected countries). Implementation of China’s Disaster Relief Diplomacy promoted China’s national image, deepened cooperation between China and neighboring countries, and broadened the horizons of the Chinese global diplomacy. But there are also some obstacles, including imperfect legal mechanism, technical equipment imperfections and interference of political factors. In order to better promote Disaster Relief Diplomacy, China needs to create the right conditions, including the development of the theory, construction and improvement of mechanisms, and equipment and options of international disaster relief hardware. In terms of schemes of strategies, China will consider disaster relief cooperation as an opportunity to build a communication platform, to improve international relations, and to enhance national power (especially national soft power). Therefore, China should actively adopt disaster relief diplomacy, seek the right to speak for disaster relief diplomacy, and plan the layout on a global scale.更多还原