【作者】 原媛；

【导师】 杨晓黎；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 军语是军事术语的简称。和平时期,军语是军令畅通、军队行动步调一致的重要保证。战争年代,军语是准确领会上级意图、下达命令,以及与友邻协同作战的关键要素。军事领域固有的群体性、暴力性和对抗性,决定了军语与其他专业术语相比,在规范化、标准化、科学化方面的要求更高,需要依据语言学原理,运用词汇学研究方法,通过对军语的组成、结构和语义特征等的分析,考察军语现象,把握军语特点,揭示军语规律,为军语的建设与运用提供服务。军语随着时代的发展而不断发展变化。中国人民解放军军语从“八一”南昌起义起步,接受了战争洗礼,伴随着军事变革,走过从创立到逐渐成熟的发展历程,形成了基本覆盖各军兵种、各专业领域的军语体系。面对这样一个蕴涵着战争智慧、语言精华和文化价值的语言体系,采取共时与历时相结合、描写与解释相结合、实证分析与逻辑分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方法,既可以对同一年代的军语进行有目的、有选择的词汇学描写,又可以对比分析不同时期军语的特征差异,得出对军语的形式结构、内容结构及其发展轨迹等的客观认识。全文共分六章,主要内容和观点如下：第一章,绪论。将军语置于共同语词汇系统的研究框架下,从领域变体的视角,说明本课题研究的缘起,明确军语的内涵、外延,指出本课题是从狭义的军语概念出发,选择上世纪70年代以来我军颁发的4个版本的《军语》为研究对象,然后,对军语研究的历史和发展现状进行分析,找出当前研究的薄弱点、空白点,明确本课题研究的目的意义,最后从语言学的角度给出研究思路和方法,并预测可能的创新点。第二章,不同视域下对军语的认识。立足于军语的存在现实与意义,在本体论、实践论、认识论、方法论和价值论的视域下,对军语的概念、历史、特性、类别和功能进行深入探讨,阐述军语研究的理论基础。认为：军语演变主要是根植军事实践的土壤、反映理论探索的轨迹、遵循语言发展的规律,具有受限性、有序性、民族性、特指性和战斗性等对应于军事世界的特性。在对军语进行分类考察后,以军事人员、群体为主体,深入到价值存在的层面,剖析军语具有的指称军事概念、增效军事交流、传承军事文化和类推军事新知等功能。第三章,中国人民解放军军语概述。依据狭义的军语概念,概括我军军语的形成和发展历史,勾勒出发展脉络,为分析我军军语在语言学方面的发展变化提供历史方位。然后,综合考察我军的性质、任务、宗旨和发展历史,从宏观的角度,对我军军语的语言表述、语词来源、军语释义、语用价值等方面的特点进行分析,把握我军军语独具的群体特色、时代特色和民族特色。最后,根据研究目的和需要,阐述构建包含2万余个词目的专题语料库的目标和要求,以及应用语料库研究军语的思路和方法。第四章,军语词目及其结构的发展变化。统计分析并比较4个版本的《军语》中词目的用字组成、音节数量、结构类型、词类特征和一些特殊类型的分布情况,得出若干军语词形变化的结论,比如：军语用字基本上在常用汉字范围,军语音节以四音节居多且呈音节数量增加的趋势,军语结构类型中短语渐具优势且以偏正结构为主,军语以名词和名词性短语为主,另外,在对军语缩略形式、亦称形式进行穷尽式考察后,对这些特殊类型存在的特点、规律和动因进行分析,为军语规范化提供参考素材。第五章,军语语义及其特征的发展变化。基于在不同年代的语义框架中所具有的知识背景,从军语词目和义项两个方面统计分析并比较4个版本的《军语》中词目更迭、义项增减情况,以及与语义变化的关系,认为军语只有通过新旧更替才能更好地服务军事实践,军语的结构形式与语义架构存在关联,同时,与社会通用词汇相比,军语义项增减的动因与途径较为单一。最后,通过对典型的军语泛化现象进行考察,指出在隐喻渐变为主、引申扩展为辅的泛化机制作用下,通过内部、外部原因综合施效,军语语义跨域泛化呈现出一些明显的特点和趋势。第六章,军语发展变化的原因和影响。基于对军语语言表达形式与语义特征的静态描述和历时变化分析,探寻军语发展变化的内部和外部原因。然后,考虑到语言史和军事史、文化史的平行关系以及语言能够忠实地反映出它所服务的军事实践,探讨军语的发展机理、外在表现对汉语词汇发展、语言风格和社会文化的影响,最后,在对军语与社会互动关系的判断中提出加强军语规划的对策建议。本课题开辟了对多版本军语研究的新领域,拓展了对军语进行计量研究的新途径,分析了军语的若干特点和演变规律,对军语发展变化的动因、机制和影响进行创新性解释,是军事语言研究的中心课题,是l防和军队建设的基础性工程。课题研究成果不但描绘了军语语言学特征的演变轨迹,还有助于深化对军语的理解,有助于推动军语信息处理,有助于发现军事现象与语言现象的共变关系,有助于增强对军语使用和发展机制的理性思考,为现代汉语词汇发展变化研究提供有益的补充,为军语的规划、编修和推广工作提供重要的参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Military terms are the abbreviation of nomenclatures of military affairs. In times of peace, military terms are the guarantee to ensure the smooth carrying out of the military orders and the coordination of military actions. In times of war, they are the key elements with which to accurately grasp the intention of the superiors, issue orders efficiently and make coordinate operation with the adjacent units. As compared with the terms of other specialties, the intrinsic group, violence and confrontation in the military field ask for a higher requirement in terms of normalization, standardization, and scientification. This means that we should use the lexicology research method based on the linguistic theory to describe the composition, structure, semantic characteristics, etc. of the military terms in order to examine the phenomena, grasp the characteristics and reveal the rules of the military terms so as to provide a better service for the construction and application of the military terms.Military terms vary with the development and changes of the times. Military terms of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) initiated from the August1st Nanchang Uprising. Through years of war and military transformation, they have gradually grown from infancy to comparative maturity, forming a system of the military terms which cover almost all areas of arms and services as well as professional fields. Faced with such a language system rich in war wisdom, language essence and cultural connotation, we should adopt a research method which combines synchrony with diachrony, description with explanation, empirical analysis with logical analysis, and qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis. This way, we can not only make a purposed and selective lexical description of the military terms in the same year, but also compare and contrast the language characteristics of the terms in different periods of time, thus obtaining an objective cognition of the forms, structures, contents and the development tracks of the military terms. This paper is divided into six chapters, the main contents and viewpoints of which are as follows:The first chapter is introduction, which mainly defines the body area of the military terms’ research and puts them under the framework of the lexical system of common vocabulary. From the perspective of field variation, it explains the origin of the project, clarifies the connotation and extension of the military terms, and points out that the project begins with the narrow definition of the military terms and selects the four versions of comprehensive military terms of the armed forces issued since1970s as the research object. Then, it makes an analysis of the history and present status in the research of the military terms, finds out the weak and blank points of the present research, clarifies the purpose and significance of the project, works out the research ideas and methods from linguistic perspectives, and predicts the possible innovation of the project.The second chapter deals with the understanding of the military terms from different perspectives. It centers on the existent reality and significance of the military terms and expounds the theoretical basis of the research of the military terms in terms of their concept, history, characteristics, category and function from the perspective of ontology, practicality, epistemology, methodology and axiology. The paper holds that the evolution of the military terms is mainly based on the military practices, which reflect the route of theoretical exploration that follows the rules of language development, with the characteristics of corresponding military field such as limitation, orderliness, nationality, specificity and militancy. After classified investigation of the military terms, the paper takes the military personnel and groups as the main body, goes deep into the level of value existence and analyzes various functions of the military terms, such as the function of addressing military concept, the function of strengthening military exchanges, the function of passing on military cultures and the function of analogizing new military knowledge.The third chapter is an overview of the PLA military terms, which uses the concept of narrow military terms as the basis, comprehensively but concisely summarizes the formation and development of the PLA military terms, draws up an outline of the development and provides a historical reference to the analysis of linguistic development of the PLA military terms. Then, the nature, mission, purpose and developmental history of our army is examined comprehensively, the language expression, the origin of the words, as well as the annotation and the pragmatic value of the military terms are analyzed from a macro point of view so that the unique colony characteristics, the times characteristics and the national characteristics of our military terms can be grasped. And finally, based on the purpose and requirement of the research, a small-sized corpus containing over20,000entries is established to provide a platform for the research of the military terms.The fourth chapter discusses the lemmas, structure, development and changes of the military terms. We mainly make a statistical analysis and comparison of the word formation, syllabic numbers, structural types, features of part of speech, and special types of the comprehensive military terms in the four versions before arriving at the conclusion of morphological changes in the military terms. For instance, the words used in the military terms are within the range of commonly-used Chinese characters, the syllables are dominated by four syllabic numbers that have the tendency on the rise. The phrases have prevailed in the structure which is mainly represented by subordinate structures. The nouns and nominal phrases form the main body of the military terms. Moreover, we also make an exhaustive investigation of the abbreviations and alias forms of the military terms, analyze the features, rules and motivation of these special types and provide ample materials for the suggested standardization of the military terms.The fifth chapter deals with the development and changes of the semantic meaning and the characteristics of the military terms. Based on the knowledge background of the semantic framework at different times and from two levels—lemmas and senses—of the military terms, we make a statistical analysis and comparison of the lemma replacement, the addition and subtraction of the senses and their relationship with semantic changes in the comprehensive military terms of the four versions. We believe that only by replacing the old lemmas with the new can the military terms better serve the military practice, that there is a correlation between the structural forms and the semantic framework, and that the motivation and approach of the addition and subtraction of the senses are simplistic as compared with the general social vocabulary. Last but not least, through the examination of the generalization phenomenon of the typical military terms, we conclude that there is some obvious feature and posture in the cross-domain generalization of the military terms under the combined effect of primary metaphoric gradual change and secondary semantic extension both internally and externally.The sixth and last chapter discusses the causes and influences of the development and changes of the military terms. Mainly based on the static description and diachronic changes analysis of expression forms and semantic characteristics of the military terms, we explore internal and external reasons of the development and changes. Then, by considering the parallel relationship between language history, military history and cultural history, as well as the language can faithfully reflect military practice and social culture, we discuss the influences of the development mechanism of the military terms and their external performance, which are on the Chinese vocabulary development, language style, and social life, we also put forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the military terms system in the judgment of the interactive relationship between the military terms and society.This project opens a new field of researching military terms of multi-versions, expands the new methods of studying military terms quantitatively, analyzes several characteristics as well as the evolution rule of the military terms, explains the causes, mechanisms and influences of the development and changes of the military terms innovatively. It is the central topic in military language research, and the basic project of national defense and army building. The research production can not only describe the evolution orbit of the linguistic characteristics of the military terms, but help us deepen the understanding of the terms as well, which is beneficial for promoting the information processing of the military terms, finding the covariant relationship between military phenomenon and language phenomenon, strengthening the rational consideration of the use of the military terms and their developmental mechanism, and offering the useful supplement for the research on the development and changes of modern Chinese vocabulary, and providing reference to the planning, editing, revising and popularizing of the military terms.更多还原