调适与重构：20世纪初期的地方士绅与地方社会

【作者】 于杨；

【导师】 唐力行；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2013， 博士

【副题名】以丁祖荫为中心的研究（1905-1927）

【摘要】 明清以来,常熟形成了成熟稳定的社会生态系统。优越的自然地理条件造成了商业以及市镇经济的繁荣。在深厚的传统文化影响下,庞大的士绅阶层与强大的家族势力成为维系常熟社会稳定与发展的重要力量。近代以降,常熟传统社会系统受到挑战。20世纪以来,随着科举制的废除以及地方自治的开展,常熟社会的转型开始加剧。宣统辛亥年的大水导致全县规模的饥荒；受改朝换代的影响常熟政局动荡不安,与此同时的千人会暴力抗租彻底打破了常熟的传统社会秩序。面对日渐失范的常熟社会,丁祖荫作为清末民初常熟士绅群体的领袖,竭尽全力维护常熟社会的秩序与安全。丁氏努力进行常熟政治秩序的重构大力推进社会建设,同时亦不断进行新旧文化的调适。具体来讲,通过区域失序下的社会整合；丁祖荫实现了对地方政治秩序的重建,从而解决了常熟突发的粮荒与兵灾公共危机。通过禁烟与兴修水利工程,将常熟社会的日常生活秩序导入正规。作为应对时局变动的一种策略,丁祖荫在文化领域内的调适同样值得肯定。他热心于修志、藏书等整理地方文献的活动,以此掌控地方话语权力,重建地方社会道德评价体系。同时,丁氏亦大力推广新学、开启民智；值得注意的是,他关注女性,通过创办女报积极构建女性新形象。丁氏在文化领域的调适,试图实现士绅对地方社会文化秩序的软控制。近代常熟社会转型的深度与广度超出了丁氏等传统士绅的预想及掌控范围。1927年,随着新式国家政权的建立,国民党开始对常熟地方社会进行全面渗透。此时,丁氏辞官去乡,逐渐淡出了地方权力格局。丁祖荫的人生经历是常熟社会转型期士绅群体的缩影。围绕对他调适与重构社会秩序活动的考察,不难发现,近代以降处于大变局中的士绅阶层,虽然在地方社会中竭力调适与重构社会秩序,然而,最终却难以摆脱失败的命运。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since Ming and Qing Dynasties, the social-ecological system has been formed and become mature and stable in Changshu. Favorable natural and geographical conditions promoted the economic prosperity in cities and twons. Under the influence of traditional culture, a huge class of gentry and strong families became the main forces to maintain social stability and development in Changshu. Modern times has come, the traditional social system had been challenged. Since the20th century, with the abolition of the imperial examination system and the development of local government, the society in Changshu was beginning to increasingly change. The year of Xinhai of Xuantong period led to a large-scale famine of the county. Affected by the impact of regime change, the political situation became unstable. Meanwhile, the riot of thousands of people completely broken the traditional social order of Changshu.In face of growing social disorder of Changshu, Ding Zuyin, as the gentry community leaders of late Qing Dynasty, took various measures to maintain social order and safety in Changshu. Ding’s efforts in the reconstruction of political order in Changshu vigorously promote social development, and also carried out the ongoing adaptation of old and new cultures. Specifically, through regional integration during the social disorder, Ding Zuyin realized the reconstruction of the local political order and solved the food shortages, the ravages of war burst and public crisis. By forbidding smoke and irrigating water conservancy projects, the daily life of the social order of Changshu gradually stepped into order.As a strategic response to changes in the current situation, Ding Zuyin’s adaptation in the field of culture is worth praising. He is devoted to writing local records, collecting books and other local literature, by which he could control the power of discourse, reconstruct social and moral evaluation system.Meanwhile, Ding also vigorously promote the new science, enlightenment; What’s worth noting is that he concerned women. He tried to rebuild the image of women through the women newspapers. The adaptation in the cultural field by Ding tried to achieve the soft control of social and cultural order by gentry. The depth and breadth of social transformation of modern times in Changshu went beyond the control range of traditional gentry such as Ding. In1927, with the establishment of new state power, the KMT began to conduct a comprehensive penetration on the local society of Changshu. At this point, Ding resigned, and gradually faded out of the local power structure. The life experience of Ding Zuyin is a miniature of the gentry group of Changshu during the social transformation period. Through his activities of adjusting and restructuring social order, it isnot difficult to find that in modern times and in a major change of the situation, the class of gentries could not avoid the final defeat, though they were trying to adjust and restructure the local social order, however, it is difficult for them to get rid of the final defeat.更多还原