【作者】 王颖；

【导师】 彩万志；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 自1997年以来,随着转基因抗虫棉的普及种植及广谱性杀虫剂使用量的减少,刺吸式口器半翅目昆虫由次要害虫逐渐上升为主要害虫,棉田蝽类在棉田中扮演着必不可少的重要作用。因此,开展棉田半翅目昆虫的研究对棉花的生产、人类的生活以及环境的保护都有重要意义。四年时间里,作者与本组成员,在棉田及棉田周边采集半翅目昆虫标本,共获得两万多号标本(包括干标本及酒精标本)。文中对棉田半翅目昆虫的研究历史进行简要的叙述,形态学方面则对棉田种类的形态特征进行了归纳整理；生物学方面,则对一部分种类进行饲养观察其生物学；地理分析部分初步对各棉区的分布状况进行了归纳和总结。并对部分盲蝽科Miridae昆虫的进行线粒体全基因组研究,分析线粒体全基因组结构等的多样性。本论文有助于了解棉田半翅目昆虫多样性和现状,也为其识别和防治等提供重要参考。在棉田半翅目昆虫物种多样性方面：整理出中国棉田半翅目昆虫16科147种,其中天敌10科44属74种.害虫10科45属73种。包括增加棉田天敌1新纪录亚科、6个新纪录种；增加棉田害虫1个新纪录科、2个新纪录亚科、10个新纪录属、17个新纪录种。文中提供了各科的分属的检索表,及各属中国种类的分种检索表；对于所有种类都给出了文献的引证和描述,地理分布及部分种类的观察标本记录。为了更好地理解盲蝽的多样性和进化及丰富半翅目昆虫线粒体基因组数据。本研究测定六种主要棉盲蝽的线粒体基因组全序列,并进行了详细的比较分析。加上公布的3种盲蝽,对九种盲蝽基因组进行比较线粒体全基因研究。截至目前,这是第一次对盲蝽的线粒体全基因组进行的比较研究。最后结合GenBank中已经公布的22种臭虫次目的序列,对盲蝽科的分类地位及臭虫次目的系统发育关系进行了重建。结果显示：(1)盲蝽的线粒体基因组均为共价闭合环状双链结构,各个基因的排列顺序都与果蝇(Drosophila yakuba)相同,基因大小、排列、基本组成及转绿终止结合位点处的序列都很保守。属内种类则具有更多的保守特征,如蛋白质的碱基、非常规反密码子及非编码区等。(2)盲蝽的控制区具有一些明显特征,包括可变的大小、串联重复单元的重复次数和属内的保守序列,这些在进化和种群遗传研究中非常有用。(3)AGG密码子在苜蓿盲蝽属和其他臭虫次目的serine和lysine之间发生了重排,揭示了AGG密码子的重排和非常规反密码子tRNALys及tRNASer(AGN)的突变的演化关系。(4)臭虫次目的5个科级分类单元的单系性得到了强烈的支持,盲蝽总科即(网蝽科Tingidae+盲蝽科Miridae)是单系群；猎蝽科与花蝽科和姬蝽科是姐妹群的关系,猎蝽科与花蝽科和姬蝽科比与剩余的臭虫次目的昆虫的亲缘关系更近；盲蝽亚科的8个种是单系群,7种盲蝽族的盲蝽也是单系群。(5)通过对臭虫次目遗传密码的进化分析,发现AGG密码子在半翅目昆虫的serine和lysine之间发生了重排的平行进化关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since1997, with the decrease of transgenic insect resistant cotton planting and insecticide usage, the secondary pests of sucking Hemiptera insects gradually increased as the main pests, cotton insects of Hemiptera-Heteroptera play an important role in cotton field. Thus, research on cotton Hemiptera insects has important significance in cotton production, human life and environmental protection. In four years, the author collected and obtained more than20,000specimens (include dried and Alcohol specimens) with our workgroup members in large range of cotton and cotton surrounding.A brief account of cotton hemipteran research history in this paper and the morphological characteristics of cotton is species were summarized; part of the species were bred to observe its biological characteristics; geographic analysis was preliminarily summarized on the cotton distribution. And also a comparison of mitochondrial genome study of partial Miridae insects and a diversity analysis of mitochondrial genome structure were included in this research.In the study of biodiversity of cotton heteropteran insects:147species in89genera of16families from cotton heteropteran are revised, including74species in44genera of10families of nature enemies and73species in45genera of10families of pests.1new record subfamily of natural enemies,1new record genera and6new record species;1new record family of cotton pests,2new record subfamily,10new record genera and17new record species. Keys to the families, subfamilies, tribes, genera and species are provided. For all species were given a citation and description, and ranged the specimen records of geographical distribution. This paper contributes to the understanding of cotton heteropteran insects diversity and status, but also provides an important reference for the identification and prevention.In order to better understand the diversity and evolution of mirids, enrich the Hemiptera mitochondrial genome data. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of six Miridae species in detailed comparative analysis of this study. Three released plant bugs had been added, so nine kinds of plant bugs in comparative analysis of mitogenome. So far, this is the first study to mirid mitochondrial genome. Finally, taxonomic position of Miridae and the phylogenetic relationship of Cimicomorphan insects based on the complete mitochondrial genomes of Cimicomorphan insects from GenBank are reconstructed. The results show as follow:(1) The complete mitochondrial genomes of nine Miridae species are all covalently closed circular moleculer, the gene sequence have identical gene order with Drosophila yakuba. Gene content, gene arrangement, base composition and sequence of DmTTF binding site of mitochondrial genomes were conserved in plant bugs. Intra-genus species shared more conserved genomic characteristics, such as nucleotide, anticodon mutations of tRNAs, non-coding sequences and so on.(2) Control region possessed several distinct characteristics, including:variable size, abundant tandem repetition, and intra-genus conservation; and was useful in evolutionary and population genetic studies.(3) The AGG codon reassignments were investigated between serine and lysine in the genera Adelphocoris and other cimicomorphans. Our analysis revealed correlated evolution between reassignments of the AGG codon and specific point mutations at the antidocons of tRNALys and tRNASer (AGN)(4) Five assassin bugs (Reduviidae) were monophyletic, so were six damsel bugs (Nabidae) and nine plant bugs (Miridae); Miroidea (Miridae+Tingidae) were monophyletic; Reduviidae was the sister-group to Anthocoridae and Nabidae, rather than the sisiter group to the remaining cimicomorphan families; and in the family Miridae, eight plant bugs from the subfamily Mirinae was monophyletic, so were the tribe Mirini.(5) Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the finding of the AGG codon reassignments between serine and lysine was important, and indicated the parallel evolution of the genetic code in Hemiptera mitochondrial genomes.更多还原