【作者】 许永利；

【导师】 孙振钧；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 生态学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本研究以生姜连作土壤系统为研究对象,对不同连作年限的土壤进行了理化和生物性状的分析,并尝试建立了生姜连作土壤生态系统健康评价模型。同时,利用蚯蚓粪与哈茨木霉菌、两株放线菌(丁香苷链霉菌和球孢链霉菌)进行生姜连作土壤的调控,试验以盆栽和田间条件下进行。结果表明：(1)随生姜连作年限延长,土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性都大幅下降,土壤pH较低；土壤有机质下降。肉足虫数量高；鞭毛虫数量降低。食细菌线虫数量与蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、pH等正相关,线虫总数量低。(2)盆栽条件下,添加适量蚯蚓粪和适当的生防菌可提高生姜连作土壤的pH值、有机质含量及土壤酶活性,尤其是过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶。蚓粪用量增加则纤毛虫增加,添加放线菌的蚯蚓粪处理原生动物丰度高,哈茨木霉苗期促进了鞭毛虫的生长；苗期放线菌的作用小于哈茨木霉,收获期原生动物丰度超过哈茨木霉。(3)田间条件下施用蚯蚓粪及含有生防菌的蚯蚓粪,可以提高土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶等酶活性,尤其以“蚯蚓粪+哈茨木霉+秸秆粉”处理提升幅度较大。同时提高土壤有机质含量,提高pH,稳定在6.5左右。促进植物对全氮的吸收,提高土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量。这种促进作用,在试验第三年更为明显。各处理净光合速率均高于对照,部分荧光参数也显著优于对照,说明处理与对照相比生姜的光合能力更强。田间条件下,常规施肥管理(CK)土壤的肉足虫占优势时期较多。“蚯蚓粪+秸秆粉”处理纤毛虫的相对丰度在苗期两次高峰,第三年,纤毛虫和鞭毛虫增加。“蚯蚓粪+哈茨木霉+秸秆粉”处理优势类群由肉足虫向鞭毛虫转变。“蚯蚓粪+哈茨木霉+两株放线菌+秸秆粉”处理的肉足虫向鞭毛虫和肉足虫转变。第1-3年,蚯蚓粪处理依次以食真菌线虫、食细菌线虫和食真菌线虫、食细菌线虫为主。对照土壤则主要以食细菌线虫为主,植食线虫其次,尤其时植食性线虫在第一年和第三年收获期均占较大比例,这可能会促进线虫病的发生。蚯蚓粪+哈茨木霉+秸秆粉”处理香农威纳指数和均匀度上作用较明显。(4)常规管理更容易严重偏离健康或轻微偏离健康,一旦不消毒则开始偏离健康土壤,增加发病几率。添加哈茨木霉的蚯蚓粪更有利于土壤的健康,这主要因为哈茨木霉的拮抗作用所致。哈茨木霉和放线菌同时加入蚯蚓粪中,可能会因为两种微生物竞争作用的存在,对土壤的改良作用需要较长时间才能体现。更多还原

【Abstract】 Physical and chemical characteristics of continuous cropping soil were determined in order to establish an estimate modle on soil health. Vermicompost and two antagonistic microbia were applied into continuous cropping soil to regulate soil ecosystem. Study was conducted under pot experiment and field. Data shows:(1) Investigation on differents years of ginger continuous cropping soil showed that soil enzyme activity, such as catalase, invertase, phosphatase, decreased with increase of continuous cropping years. So did the soil pH and soil organic matter content. Soil protozoa abundance increased such as amoebae or decreased such as flagellate. Bactervores numbers was decreased for positive correlation with soil enzyme activity, as invertase, urease, e phosphatase, and pH. Total number of nematode was decreased with years of continuous cropping.(2) Appropriate content of vermicompost and antagonistic microbia applied increased soil pH, soil organic matter conten, and soil enzyme activity, especially catalase, invertase, phosphatase in continuous cropping ginger soil under pot experiment. Ciliate abundance of soil increased with vermicompost content. Actinomycetes in vermicompost stimulated protozoa total abundance in soil afer harvesting, while Trichoderma harzianum in vermicompost added into soil stimulaion on protozoa total abundance in seedling soil of ginger.(3) Vermicompost containing antagonistic microbia applied into continuous cropping ginger soil stimulated soil enzyme activity, as catalase, invertase, phosphatase, espeicially in T2treatment, vermicompost containing Trichoderma harzianum, under field condition. And vermicompost treatments increased soil organic matter content, pH up to6.5, ginger plant adsorption for nitrogen, and available P and available K. The stimulation on soil characteristics and plant growth was obviously in third year after improved by vermicompost with antogonistic microbia. Photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll fluorescence were better in verimicompost treatements than control without vermicompost.Amoebae was mainly protozoa in CK ginger soil in field condition. Amoebae was mainly protozoa in ginger seedling soil of Tl containg vermicompost only in2011and2012, and ciliate and flagellate were maily protozoa in2013under field condition. The mainly protozoa of T2which containg vermicompost and Trichoderma harzianum changed from amoebae to flagellate in field. T3treatment which containing vermicompost and actinomycetes and Trichoderma harzianum mainly protozoa in ginger soil changed from amoebae to flagellate and amoebae. During three years in field, soil mainly nematode in T1, T2, and T3were fungivores, bactervores and fungivores, and bactervores respectively. The control soil nematode was bactervores and plant parasites, plant parasites was most in harvesting soil in2011and2013. Shannon Weiner index and evenness of T2soil was best in three vermicompost treatments.(4) Conventional management of ginger continuous cropping soil was suspected for mild or serious diverging from health soil, which will increase the disease instance. Vermicompost with Trichoderma harzianum will improve the health of soil for Trichoderma harzianum resistance for soil pathogen. Vermicompost with two antagonistic microbia improvement on continuous cropping soil need more time maybe for the two microbes requirement for resouces.更多还原