【作者】 袁明宝；

【导师】 朱启臻；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 农村发展与管理， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 家庭是农民经济的组织基础,家庭经济是家庭再生产和社会再生产的物质基础。家庭经济行为主要包括生产、投资、积累和消费等内容。长期以来,中国农民家庭形成了不计成本地劳动投入和高积累以及低消费和低闲暇的经济态度和经济行为。影响农民家庭经济决策和经济行为选择的因素主要有经济理性和目的理性。经济理性主要是指农民家庭收入来源构成上必须有农业收入和务工收入两部分组成,为了保障家庭基本经济生活,必须最大化利用家庭劳动力。目的理性是指家庭伦理和文化影响农民的生计安排,农民家庭在劳动-闲暇之间做出权衡,在劳动辛苦程度和需求满足程度之间做出均衡选择时,这一行为并不纯粹由经济理性决定。目的理性与经济理性的差别在于其决定经济决策的动机不同,经济理性下行为选择产生于生存压力和家庭经济支出压力。目的理性则产生于家庭伦理和道德规则。中国农民家庭经济行为有其支撑的社会文化因素,如家庭内部的责任观念、代际伦理以及养老观念和村庄内部的社会竞争、社会舆论等因素,这都形成了对农民家庭经济行为的影响,进而影响小农家庭的投入与产出行为以及家庭内部的资源配置方式。在这种家庭伦理支撑下,农民家庭可以进行很多经济理性上无法理解的生产经营实践,如不计成本地劳动投入,保持较低的日常生活消费水平,保持劳动对闲暇时间的较高替代率。进而,在恰亚诺夫所讲的劳动辛苦程度与需求满足程度上保持较高的均衡点。农民家庭经济态度和行为存在区域差异,主要有节余型经济和生活型经济两种类型。北方农村节余型经济主要是指农民家庭在资源配置中更加注重劳动生产和财富积累,并通过减少日常性开支和闲暇时间来实现家庭经济的充足节余,进而得以满足农民家庭大宗消费需求。中部农村生活型经济类型则在劳动投入上有较低忍耐度,农民家庭的积蓄也是以生活消费为前提,生活型经济态度主要讲究生活而非生计。这种经济态度和行为上的差异主要与家庭伦理责任和村庄社会结构有关。在当前形势下,农民家庭经济态度和经济行为已经发生很大变化。如农民在农业生产和打工经济中开始计算劳动机会成本、降低劳动力投入和辛苦程度,在消费主义观念影响下更加注重短期消费和娱乐。这种变化与小农理性变迁有关,即经济理性凸显、目的理性弱化。经济理性凸显主要是农民家庭开始在经济成本核算基础上做出行为选择,还表现在农民家庭在打工经济和城市消费文化影响下呈现出消费主义观念和经济态度。目的理性弱化主要是指农民家庭在伦理责任上的约束减弱,并不一定尽全力积蓄家庭财富以为子女完成人生任务,而是表现出对当期生活享受的追求。另外,村庄社会性竞争压力减小也是影响农民家庭目的理性变迁的重要因素,而且村庄社会内部的竞争更多的由之前注重道德竞争转变为纯粹经济竞争。更多还原

【Abstract】 The family is the organizational foundation of the peasant economy, the household economy is the material basis of the family reproduction and social production. The peasant household economic behaviour include production, investment, accumulation and consumption. For a long time, the Chinese peasant family form a type of economic attitudes and behaviour, which includes regardless of the cost of labor input, high accumulation, low consumption and less leisure. The economic rationality and objective rationality common influence the family economic decisions and the behavior choice. The economic rationality means the family economic income should include the land income and the work income. In order to ensure the family basic life, the family must maximize use of the family labor. The objective rationality means the family ethics responsibility and the village social structure impact the peasants’living arrangements. When the peasants’ family make tradeoffs between the labor and leisure, between the work hard degree and the demand satisfaction, the economic rationality can not decide the behavior choice. The difference between the objective rationality and the economic rationality is determine the motivation of economic decision-making. The behavor choice under the economic rationality results from the survive pressure and the family economic spending pressure. The behavor choice under objective rationality results from the family ethics, moral rules and the village social structure.The Chinese peasant family economic behavior is impacted by the social and cultural factors, such as the responsibility idea, intergenerational ethics, endowment concept and the social competition and social public opinion within the village. All of this can impact the family economic behavior, then influence the input and output behavior, the way of resource allocation within the family. Under the support of the family ethics, the peasant family can engage in some economic activity which the economic rationality can’t explain, such as labor input regardless of the cost, keep low level of consumption, keep high replacement rate between labor and leisure. Further, the family will keep a high equilibrium between the the work hard degree and the demand satisfaction.The peasant family economic attitudes and behavior exist regional differences. There are two types of the economic behavor, savings type and modern-life consumption pattern. The northern countryside mainly belong to the savings pattern, which means the peasant family should pay more attention to labor production and accumulation of wealth, and through reducing overhead and leisure time to realize sufficient savings, then satisfying the familys’ large consumer demand. The central rural mainly belongs to the modern-life consumption pattern, in which the peasant family has low patience in labor input, the life consumption is important than the family savings. In brief, the life pattern is paying more attention to daily life than the savings. The differences between the economic attitudes and behavior mainly come from the family ethics and the village social structure. Inside the village society, different classes also have different economic attitudes and behavior. On the whole, the pressure of the middle class is higher than other classes, because the middle class keeps a medium level in the village social structure, which means the middle class face the pressure of the weak class and through own efforts to chase the uper class.In the current situation, the family economic attitudes and behavior have changed a lot. In the agricultural production and working in the city,the peasant family began to acculate the cost of labor opportunities, reduce labor input and work hard degree, then paying more attention to the short-term consumption and entertainment. These change are related to the peasants’rational, which means economic rationality prominent and the objective rationality weakening. The economic rationality prominent means the peasant family make behavior selection according to the economic cost accounting, and showing consumerism concept affected by the working in city and the urban consumer culture. The objective rationality weakening means the family ethics is receding, the family are not necessarily do their best to accumulate wealth and complete tasks in life for their children. On the other hand,the family began to pursue the short-time enjoy. In addition, the village social competition pressure weakening can also impact the family’s objective rationality. And, the village competition are changing from the morality competition to the economic competition.更多还原