企业管理模式演化机制研究

【作者】 刘涛；

【导师】 高闯；

【作者基本信息】 首都经济贸易大学 ， 企业管理， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 企业管理模式不仅是客观存在的，而且是不断“演化”的，这种演化在时间上体现为企业管理模式的生成与变革，在空间上则表现为不同企业间管理模式的移植。通过梳理国内外文献发现，已有研究对“企业管理模式到底是如何演化的”这一问题的解释力不强，究其原因在于学者们缺乏有效的分析工具和框架。本文将运用演化分析的思想内涵和理论工具，尝试给出这一问题的答案。基于对管理派生性的认识，我们认为管理模式是企业为保证其它活动的有效开展，重复采取某种特定的管理职能运行方式的结果，并随着企业内外环境因素的变动而不断演化。因此，要解释企业管理模式演化的内在机理和运行方式，仅从管理现象出发进行分析和归纳是不够的，我们必须超越“存在”，找出隐藏在管理现象背后的“基因型”。通过对惯例研究文献的梳理，发现惯例既能作为载体承袭和储存企业内部的知识信息，其自身也存在于企业的各项活动之中；惯例具有的模式性、重复性、集体性和路径依赖性特点，使得其可以在微观层次上保持相对稳定并在企业内实现代际传递；而其过程性和情境依赖性，又决定了其变异的可能。因此，与企业文化、能力和规则等相比，惯例更具备成为“管理基因”的条件。在将惯例确立为基本分析单位的基础上，本文通过生物学隐喻和类比，构建了企业管理模式演化分析的整体框架。据此框架，通过对惯例效应及其“遗传、变异和选择机制”的分析，本文运用逻辑推理法探明了企业管理模式演化的内在机理和实现方式，具体如下：惯例复制及其效应会推动企业各项活动行为的模式化，进而导致管理模式的形成，而惯例生成时的结构和能动性差异则导致了企业间管理模式的趋异性，并以128号公路地区和硅谷地区信息企业为例验证了管理模式的结构性趋异，以海尔和长虹为例验证了管理模式的能动性趋异。在结构和能动性因素的共同作用下，惯例的变异及选择机制会引起企业惯例集的变化，进而导致管理模式的变革，并分别以苏宁云商和日产汽车为例对管理模式的渐进式变革和激进式变革加以验证。惯例的成功模仿使得企业的惯例集具有类似目标企业的部分特征，进而导致管理模式的移植和趋同性，而20世纪80年代后的全球化趋势、跨国公司的管理输出以及管理教育和研究的发展加速了这种趋同。为进一步应用和检验上述解释性研究成果，本文运用历史分析方法和个体群思维方法，从惯例演化的视角，归纳了中国情境下企业管理模式演化的阶段、特征和路径。本研究的主要启示在于：通过对企业惯例的分析，不仅可以回答“企业管理模式到底是如何演化的”，还可以对包括管理模式在内的其它管理问题进行更为深入的研究，尤其是不同情境下企业管理的比较研究和对策性研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Enterprise Management Modes (EMMs) are objective and continuously evolutive.The evolution of EMMs mainly indicates the formation and reformation of managementmode at the same enterprise from the time dimension, and the transplantation ofmanagement mode among different enterprises from the spatial level. However, by virtueof reviewing relative literatures from domestic and abroad, available researches lack ofenough explanatory power for the issue of “How do EMMs evolve?” The fundamentalreason of leading to the above problem is short of valid analytical tools and framework.Based on this, this dissertation will try to give the answer through applying the thoughtconnotation and theoretical tools of evolutionary analysis. Based on the derivative ofmanagement, we think that management modes are the result of repeatedly adopting aparticular management function running mode and are continuously evolvingaccompanying with the changes of internal and external environmental factors ofenterprises. Therefore, it is not enough for explaining the internal mechanism andimplementation way of the evolution of EMMs by analyzing and inducing the managementphenomena, we must transcend the existence and find out the “genetype” hiding in themanagement phenomena.By virtue of reviewing relative literatures on routines, we can make the followingjudgments: routines not only carry and store internal knowledge and information ofenterprises, but also exist in the course of activities running of enterprises; routines cankeep stabilizing relatively and realize inter-generation inheritance because of theircharacteristics of modeling, repetitiveness, collectiveness and path-dependency; routinespossess the function of mutation because of their characteristics of process andcontext-dependence. Therefore, comparing with corporate culture, capabilities and rules,routines have more advantage of becoming “management gene”. After defining routines asthe basic analytical unit, this dissertation constructs the whole framework of analyzing theEMMs evolution by biological metaphor and analogy.Based on the above framework, this dissertation utilizes the logical reasoningapproach to prove up the internal mechanism and implementation way of the evolution byanalyzing routines evolution and their effectiveness. The main conclusions indicate thefollowing aspects: the replications of routines promote the modeling of enterprises’activities behavior, further lead to the formation of EMMs. The differences of structure andagency among enterprises in the course of routines generating lead to the divergence ofmanagement modes. The comparison of EMMs between IT enterprises lied in Road128 and Silicon Valley in1980s will be used as an example to verify the divergence due tostructural differences, and the comparison between Qingdao Haier CO.Ltd and SichuanChanghong Electric Co.Ltd will be used as an example to verify the divergence due toagency differences. Due to the changes of structure and agency, the mutation and selectionof routines will change enterprises’ previous routine sets, further lead to the change of theirmanagement modes. Suning Appliance Co.Ltd and Nissan Motor Co.Ltd will be used asexamples to verify the progressive change and radical change of EMMs. When objectiveroutines are successfully imitated, enterprise’ routine set will possess some similarcharacteristics with other enterprises, further lead to the transplantation and convergence ofEMMs. The globalization, the management output of transnational corporations, and thedevelopment of management education and research accelerate the convergence of EMMsaround the world since1980s.In order to further apply and verify the above conclusions, this dissertation will utilizehistorical analysis approach and population thinking approach to induce the phrases,characteristics, and path of EMMs evolution under the context of China based on theaspect of routines.This above research results will bring the following enlightenments: study on routinesnot only can answer the issue of “How do EMMs evolve?”, but also can be used toanalyze other issues, especially for comparative study and countermeasure study onenterprise management under different contexts.更多还原