【作者】 王传玲；

【导师】 孙正聿；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 生态危机是当代现代性危机的重要体现。马克思主义理论作为当代不可超越的哲学思想，应该接受绿色或生态的评判和审视，生态思维或生态视角成为这一理论价值的现实考验。马克思说：“真正的哲学是时代精神的精华。”马克思所处的时代生态问题尽管还未作为重要的问题凸显出来，但马克思已经在实现人的解放这一重大的时代脉搏中深切地意识到人与自然的关系问题是解决时代问题的基本前提，因此说，马克思的生态思想是有其存在的理论语境和逻辑理路的。马克思正是在继承和批判黑格尔以及费尔巴哈哲学思想中的理论视野以及人的本质性、人的生存境遇和人与自由的关系中所实现的辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的统一中关注生态问题的。在马克思看来，我们反对资本主义制度不仅仅是因为一些人残酷地剥削另一些人，造成人与人之间的不平等，它也是一个促使一些人无止境地剥削自然，造成人与自然之间对抗的制度。资本逻辑占统治地位的资本主义社会，生态危机是不可避免的。马克思对资本主义的政治经济学进行了深入地分析和论证，深刻揭示了生态矛盾也是资本主义社会的内在矛盾。他重新阐释了资本作为社会关系的本质，论证了资本与生产、交换、分配以及消费的内在关系，从而揭示了资本主义生产与一般生产的区别，揭示了资本主义生产是一个无限扩大、不断追求最大利润的生产，生产的无限性与自然资源有限性之间形成总体性的矛盾，重点从资本的剥削本性完成了政治经济学的生态批判。生态马克思主义者立足于资本与生态的关系挖掘了马克思的生态思想，论证了资本主义生态危机的必然性，将马克思主义发展到一个新阶段。他们把生态危机的根源归结为资本，将生态危机的矛头直指向资本主义制度，揭示了资本的反生态性，指出解决生态危机的唯一途径是变资本主义制度为社会主义制度，只有实行社会革命和生态革命，才能从根本上解决生态危机。奥康纳指出资本主义是一种经济发展的自我扩张系统，而自然界是无法进行自我扩张的，他用资本的扩张逻辑论证了生态危机的不可避免。他认为马克思仅提出了资本主义必然灭亡的经济危机理论，生态危机也是资本主义必然灭亡的内在根据，从而构成了资本主义的“双重危机”理论。福斯特认为在一定的意义上说马克思建立了一门“利润的逻辑学”，这门“利润的逻辑学”不仅说明了资本对利润的追逐与经济危机内在的逻辑联系，也论证了资本对利润的追逐必然合乎逻辑地导致生态危机，他还论证了马克思提出的“新陈代谢断裂”理论，以此说明资本主义社会生态问题的不可回复。高兹分析了资本的利润动机与资本主义生态危机的不可避免，认为资本主义企业内部资本家追逐利润动机的生产必然会对生态环境造成破坏，提出“经济理性”与“生态理性”的对立。他认为马克思对资本主义生产方式的批判就是对经济理性的批判，通过揭示经济理性的实质危害让人们领悟资本主义走向没落的必然性，提出实施生态理性必须变资本主义的生产方式为社会主义的生产方式。佩珀进一步揭示了生态矛盾是资本主义的内在矛盾是以“抽象劳动”理论为政治经济学核心的，在他看来，要认识马克思的抽象劳动理论的生态意蕴，关键在于正确地理解马克思把劳动视为价值来源的思想，但价值的产生又离不开自然资源的存在，需要不断扩大市场的资本主义必然引起过度生产”，而“过度生产”一方面破坏了其自身的市场，另一方面则直接损害了生态环境。他还指出资本主义农业的不合理在于其追求利润而表现出来的“成本的外在化”，因此他认为绿色资本主义是不可能的，也是不现实的，这只能是一种梦幻。生态马克思主义深刻揭示了资本的反生态性，论证了资本与生态之间的必然矛盾，尖锐地批判了资本主义制度。但他们忽略了马克思对资本的肯定及对资本伟大文明面的揭示，按照马克思的理论，社会主义制度是为了克服资本主义的基本矛盾而建立的。社会主义制度需要在高度发达的经济基础之上才能实现，因此社会主义的发展需要资本，社会主义的本质是实现资本与自然的内在平衡。那么在社会主义社会如何走出资本的生态悖论？消除生态危机？需要我们用社会主义制度驾驭资本，在人类文明史的层面上反思和挖掘生态危机的根源，在这个意义上说传统物质世界机械论形成的独断理性主义、人类中心主义以及物质主义的生活方式也是造成生态危机的根源，因而走出资本的生态悖论需要我们完全摒弃独断理性主义的完全可知论，因为独断理性主义形塑了现代工业文明的生活方式，形成了主客二分的传统思维范式，将自然界看作是人类征服的对象。因此，要解决生态危机，调和生态与资本之间的矛盾就要吸收整体主义环境哲学的思想，超越物质主义、消费主义和经济主义，提倡一种简朴的、越少越好、追求德性、内心宁静和极高精神境界的生活方式，才能使人类改变现有的危险状况，走向新的文明。人是一种超越于动物的无限存在，人追求的无限是观念、思想、精神境界的无限，而不是物质财富的无限。现代人把无限性的追求指向了物质世界，试图在对自然进行盘剥和榨取，在对外物的疯狂追求中实现自身的价值，却带来了人类自身的生存危机，因此必须改变资本逻辑统治的生活方式，塑造现代人简约、充实的生存方式。我们要积极利用资本的正面效应，超越资本的主体性，超越资本的文明，在利用资本、限制资本的同时实现资本与自然的和谐，实现生态文明，建设美丽中国。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ecological crisis is the important embodiment of contemporary crisis ofmodernity. The philosophical thought of Marx theory as a contemporaryinsurmountable, should accept the green or ecological evaluation and review,ecological thinking and ecological perspective become reality test this theory ofvalue. Marx said:"the true philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the age." TheMarx era of ecological problems while it’s not as important to highlight the issue, butMarx has been in the people’s Liberation of this great era pulse acutely aware of therelationship between man and nature is the basic premise to solve the problem oftime, therefore, Marx’s ecological thought is a theoretical context and logic theexistence of the. Marx is in the inheritance and criticism of Hagel and Feuerbachphilosophy theoretical vision and focus on ecological problems of unified therelationship of human nature, human’s survival circumstances and people and free ofdialectical materialism and historical materialism. In Marx’s view, we opposecapitalism not only because some people exploit others cruelly, cause humaninequality, it is also a prompt some people to endless exploitation of natural, causedthe confrontation between man and nature of the system. The logic of capitaldominant capitalist society, ecological crisis is inevitable. Marx of the capitalistpolitical economics to conduct in-depth analysis and argumentation, reveals the innercontradictions of ecological contradiction is capitalist society. He re interpretation ofthe essence of social relations as the capital, the capital and production, exchange,distribution and consumption relationship, which reveals the difference betweencapitalist production and the general production, show the capitalist production is anunlimited expansion, the constant pursuit of the maximum profit of production,forms the contradiction between the overall production of infinity with limitednatural resources, focus from capital exploitation nature ecological critique ofpolitical economy..Ecological marxism based on the relationship between capital and ecologicalmining the Marx’s ecological thought, demonstrates the necessity of the capitalistecological crisis, Marx will be the development of Marxism to a new stage. They putthe root of ecological crisis as the capital, the ecological crisis caused by the finger atthe capitalist system, points out that the only way to solve the ecological crisis is thechange of capitalism into socialism system, only the implementation of social revolution and ecological revolution, can fundamentally solve ecological crisis. Hethinks that Marx put forward the inevitable demise of capitalism only economiccrisis theory, internal according to ecological crisis is the inevitable demise ofcapitalism, which constitutes the "double jeopardy" theory of capitalism. Forsterbelieves that in a certain sense Marx established a "profit logic", the "profit logic"shows not only the capital in pursuit of profit and economic crises inherent logicconnection, also demonstrates the capital in pursuit of profit will logically lead toecological crisis, he also demonstrates that Marx put forward "The new supersedesthe old. fracture" theory, which explain the capitalist social ecological problems can’treply. Gorz analyzed the inevitable profit motive for capital and capitalist ecologicalcrisis, think that the internal capitalist capitalist enterprises chase profit motiveproduction will cause damage to the ecological environment, opposite puts forward"economic rationality" and "ecological rationality". He believes that the Marxcritique of capitalist mode of production is the critique of economic reason, letpeople understand the inevitability of capitalist decline through substantial harm, toreveal the economic reason, proposed the implementation of ecological rationalitymust change the capitalist mode of production for the socialist mode of production.Pepper further reveals the ecological contradiction is the internal contradictions ofcapitalism is "abstract labor theory" as the core of the political economy, in his view,to understand Marx’s abstract labor theory of ecological implication, the key lies inthe correct understanding of Marx thought as the source of labor value, but the valueproducing and cannot do without the natural resources exist, need to continuouslyexpand the market capitalism will inevitably lead to excessive production ", and"over production "on the one hand, undermining its own market, on the other hand,the direct damage to the ecological environment. He also pointed out that theunreasonable capitalism agriculture lies in the pursuit of profit and to show the "costexternalization", so he thinks green capitalism is not possible, is not realistic, this canonly be a dream.The ecological doctrine of Marx profoundly reveals the anti ecological capital,demonstrates the inevitable contradiction between capital and ecological, sharplycriticized the capitalist system. But they ignored Marx affirmation of capital and thecapital of great civilization faces reveal, according to Marx’s theory, the socialistsystem is established to overcome the basic contradiction of capitalism. The socialistsystem needs to be implemented in a highly developed economic base, therefore thedevelopment of socialism need capital, The essence of socialism is to realize thecapital and the inner balance of nature. How in the socialist society out of the capitalecological paradox? To eliminate the ecological crisis? Need we use the socialistsystem to control the capital, in the human civilization level reflection and the root of ecology crisis, and in this sense, the traditional physical world mechanism formationof arbitrary rationalism, anthropocentrism and materialistic way of life is also theroot cause of ecological crisis, ecological paradox and out of the capital, we need tocompletely abandon the arbitrary rationalism, because of the arbitrary shape therationalism of modern industrial civilization’s way of life, formed the subject-objectdichotomy of traditional thinking pattern, will be as object of human to conquernature. Therefore, to solve the ecological crisis, to reconcile the contradictionbetween ecology and capital to absorb the thought of environmental philosophy ofholism, surpass materialism and consumerism and economy, advocate a kind ofsimple, less is better, the pursuit of high virtue, inner peace and spiritual way of life,to make human change existing dangerous situation, move on to a new civilization.People is a kind of infinite existence beyond the animals, man is the infinite pursuitof ideas, thoughts, infinite, mental state instead of material wealth is infinite. Modernthe limitless pursuit to the material world, try to in the exploitation of natural andextract, crazy pursuit in foreign realize their own value, brought its own survivalcrisis, human capital logic rule must change the way of life, therefore, contracted,enrich the modern way of life. We should actively use the positive effects of capital,beyond the subjectivity of capital, beyond the capital civilization, restrictions on theuse of capital, and realize the capital and the natural harmony, realize the ecologicalcivilization, the construction of beautiful China.更多还原