【作者】 程钰；

【导师】 任建兰；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 人口、资源与环境经济学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 在工业化、城市化、信息化、全球化的推动下，影响人地关系地域系统的因素发生了巨大的变化。资源环境是人类社会经济发展的载体和基础，战后世界和中国经济高速增长引发了严峻的资源环境问题。近几十年特别是20世纪下半叶以来片面的追求经济增长，许多全球性问题如全球气候变化、土地退化、荒漠化、水资源短缺、自然灾害、环境公害、化学物质迁移、生物多样性减少等呈现在公众面前，人类活动对地理环境的影响逐渐显现。经济高速增长引发的资源环境问题背后是人地关系的急剧恶化，其深层次的是哲学层面上对人地关系的不恰当认识，源自于发展观念的不合理，因此研究人地关系的演变与调控具有重要的意义。近年来，随着人口数量的不断增长和城市化、工业化的快速推进，中国的发展也越来越受到资源环境的约束，公众的资源环境需求越来越接近甚至超过了资源环境承载能力。具有中国缩影之称的山东省，作为中国经济大省、工业大省、人口大省，山东省社会经济发展正处于工业化转型、城镇化加速、市场化完善和国际化提升的新阶段，是进行人地关系研究的典型区域。论文以人地关系地域系统理论与实证研究为主线，采取文献查阅和实地调研相结合、定性和定量相结合、理论研究与实证研究相结合、综合比较和归纳论证相结合、宏观分析和微观分析相结合的研究方法，在综合分析人地关系地域系统演变影响因素与作用机制的基础上，解析山东省人地关系地域系统的时间演变过程和空间分异格局，选取生态脆弱型、海陆兼备型和资源导向型3种地域系统类型，在人地关系地域系统基本理论的指导下，开展典型地域系统的人地矛盾问题辨析和定量判断，在此基础上提出人地系统优化可持续发展的调控机制，形成了以下结论：（1）人地关系地域系统研究呈现研究区域多尺度、研究手段多样化、多学科交叉融合的特点，但系统性综合研究、基础性研究是薄弱环节，因此加强人地关系地域系统的理论与实证研究是人地关系研究的重要内容和必然趋势。人地关系向人地系统、人地关系地域系统的转变是对人地关系理论与认知的深化，强调了人地系统的整体性概念，能够将系统的研究方法引入到研究中，为人地关系的综合集成系统研究提供基础。（2）人地关系互动演化的曲线符合Logistic模型，在阻止因子s（0<s<r）和作用系数（0<<1）以及最大承载力K的条件下，人类活动强度在K/t r s至K/之间是维持人地关系协调的基本条件。资源环境日益成为经济增长的约束性要素，在索罗模型的基础上，推导经济增长的资源环境尾效。（3）区域自然地理环境、人文地理环境、人类活动、需求结构、区际关系、区域发展环境、区域管治措施是影响人地关系地域系统演变的7个主要因素，其中自然地理环境是人地关系地域系统演变的基础，人文地理环境是系统演变内在动力，人类活动是系统演变直接动力，需求结构是系统演变间接动力，区际关系是系统演变外部动力，区域发展环境是系统演变推动力，区域管制措施是系统演变调控力。在此基础上，构建人地关系地域系统演变的内部作用、外部作用和整体作用机制。（4）1949年-至今时期内，山东省人地关系大致可以划分为相对协调阶段（1949-1978年）、矛盾凸显阶段（1979-2002年）、逐步协调阶段（2003年-至今）。山东省人地系统整体可持续性状态呈现部分经济要素、社会要素和生态环境要素状态逐步改善，但资源环境约束性作用依然较强的特征，良好的生态环境质量供给与需求矛盾持续突出成为制约山东省人地关系协调的重要因素。（5）定量测度山东省1991-2012年人类活动强度和资源环境水平的耦合度和人类活动强度对资源环境水平的响应度，山东省1991-2012年人类活动强度指数由0.410上升到0.819，呈逐步上升的趋势，资源环境水平由0.736下降到0.537，呈逐步下降的趋势，两者耦合度基本在0.959以上，处于高水平耦合，协调度由良好协调向高度协调演变。资源环境水平对人类活动强度响应具有对应性和连续性，始终表现出负响应特征，但胁迫效应幅度逐年缩小，回归分析发现市场化程度和区域开发效率是造成响应度减小的最主要因素。（6）根据组合类型划分结果，从人地关系地域系统地级市空间格局来看，威海、青岛属于高水平协调型，枣庄、滨州、潍坊和泰安属于中等水平协调类型，日照、临沂、东营、烟台和德州属于低水平协调型，淄博、莱芜和济宁属于不协调型，聊城和菏泽属于勉强协调型；从人地关系地域系统县级市空间格局来看，鲁东、鲁中和鲁北地区县市的协调类型相对较好，但鲁南、鲁西地区县市特别是菏泽和临沂地区县市协调类型相对较差，区域之间协调类型差异较大。（7）选取生态脆弱型、海陆兼备型和资源导向型人地关系地域系统类型作为典型分析案例，生态环境敏感脆弱、淡水资源先天不足、环境污染严重是黄河三角洲高效生态经济区人地主要矛盾，区域中部和西翼开发过度，而区域东翼和中部部分县市区人地关系相对协调；渔业生产中的结构性和深层次矛盾突出、海洋产业结构不合理、淡水资源不足等是山东半岛蓝色经济区存在的主要人地矛盾，人地关系的可持续性正在由一般可持续性向强可持续性转变；经济发展方式粗放、产业结构不合理、流域环境问题严重等是西部隆起带人地主要矛盾，枣庄市人地系统的脆弱性基本介于0.208-0.377之间，属于较低强度的脆弱性水平。（8）在时间和空间角度下，人地关系研究的目标是协调人地关系，促进人地关系地域系统的不断优化，实现区域可持续发展。从“人”的生产力、需求力和调控力以及“地”的承载力、缓冲力和恢复力角度，构建人地关系地域系统整体调控思路，并在此基础上构建人地系统调控的区际协调机制以及适应性机制。在优化“人”与“地”之间相互作用方式与作用强度、强化生态安全调控、优化“人”与“地”之间相互作用的空间结构以及保障措施等方面提出对策。论文在内容安排上包括8个部分：（1）第一部分：导言。从国际、国内和山东省3个层面阐述论文的研究背景，归纳总结论文的研究意义、研究内容、技术路线、研究方法以及创新点等。（2）第二部分：国内外研究进展与述评。梳理、总结与归纳国内外人地关系的相关研究特点与不足之处，展望总结人地关系的研究趋势。（3）第三部分：基本理论与基本概念。分析人地关系的相关理论依据，梳理判断人地关系、人地系统、人地关系地域系统的相关基础理论。（4）第四部分：人地关系地域系统演变影响因素与作用机制研究。阐释人地关系演变的状态，分析地域系统演变的影响因素，构建系统演变作用机制。（5）第五部分：山东省人地关系地域系统演变实证研究。划分山东省人地关系演变的阶段，综合评估山东省人地关系可持续性状态，解析山东省人地关系的演化过程和空间格局。（6）第六部分：典型人地关系地域系统人地矛盾解析与评估。辨析黄河三角洲高效生态经济区、山东半岛蓝色经济区和西部隆起带人地关系的主要矛盾，并运用数理统计方法综合评估研究区的人地关系可持续性状态。（7）第七部分：人地关系地域系统的优化路径。构建人地关系地域系统优化调控的整体思路，从“人”与“地”之间的相互作用方式和作用强度、“地”的生态环境承载能力和空间结构以及制度保障等方面提出人地关系优化路径。（8）第八部分：结论与展望，通过对论文的全面回顾与逻辑概括，提炼总结论文的基本结论，展望未来的研究趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 In promoting the development of industrialization, urbanization, informatization,globalization, factors of the regional system of man-land relationship have undergonea sea change. Resources and environment is the carrier and foundation of humansocial and economic development, the rapid economic growth of the world and Chinacaused severe problems of resources and environment after World WarⅡ. Afterdecades of rapid growth in the world, especially since the latter half of the twentiethcentury, due to the one-sided pursuit of economic growth, paying a huge price ofenvironmental pollution and destruction, many global problems such as global climatechange, land degradation, severe desertification, serious water shortages, naturaldisasters, environmental pollution, migration of chemical substances, biodiversity lossand other issues presented to the public, and the impact of human activities on thegeographical environment gradually. In recent years, with the rapid advance ofgrowing population and urbanization, industrialization, the development of Chinaincreasingly constrained by resources and environment, and resources andenvironmental needs of the public closer to or exceeds the capacity of the region’sresources and support, as well as resources environmental carry capacity. Behind theresources environmental problems caused by high-speed economic development is thesharp deterioration of relationship between people and land, and the deeper is thedeterioration of the relationship between people and land on a philosophical level, andtherefore study the evolution and regulation of the relationship between people andland has important significance. As a big economic province, a large industrialprovince and populous province in China, social and economic development is in anew stage of industrial transformation, urbanization accelerating, marketizationperfecting and internationalization promoting, and Shandong province of China hassaid the microcosm is the typical scale of study regional man-land relationship.The paper takes man-land relationship and empirical research as the main line,combining literature review and field research, combining qualitative and quantitative,combining theoretical research with empirical research, combining comparative andinductive reasoning, combining the macro analysis and micro analysis of combiningresearch methods, and analyzes the regional system of man-land relationship ofShandong province about the time evolution of the process as well as Spatialpattern,which based on the comprehensive analysis of the regional system of man-land relationship evolution mechanism. This paper selects three kind of man-landsystem type, including fragile ecological type, both sea and land type, and resourceoriented type, and carries on analysis of the contradiction between people and landproblems along with quantitative judgment under the guidance of the basic theory ofman-land relationship regional system, and puts forward the regulation mechanism ofman land system of sustainable development, on this basis. Overall, formed thefollowing conclusions:(1) Study on the regional system of man-land relationship takes on thecharacteristics of multi scale study area, diverse research methods, multidisciplinarycross fusion, but systematic comprehensive research, basic research is the weak link.So strengthening the theory study of man-land relationship regional system and theempirical study are the important content and inevitable trend of research on therelationship between the people and land. Man-land relationship changing to theman-land system together with transformation of man-land relationship area system isthe deepening of relations theory and cognition of people and land, and it emphasizesthe holistic concept of man-land system, while systematic research methods can beintroduced into the study, which provide a basis for the integrated system of man-landrelationship, simulating man-land relationship trend in the different developmentpattern and policies of resources and environmental effects as well as responsemeasures and so on.(2) The evolution of man-land relationship interaction curves accord with theLogistic model. In the condition of prevent factor s(0<s<r) and action coefficientδ（0<δ <1）as well as the maximum carrying capacity K, human activity intensitybetween K/t r s to K/is to maintain a coordinated relationship betweenthe people and land condition. Resource and environment factors become more andmore restrictive factors in economic growth, based on the Solow growth mode,deriving economic growth of resources and environment tail effect.(3) Regional background conditions, human activity structure, demand structure,regional relations, regional development, regional governance conditions are theseven major factors that influence the evolution of man land relationship regionalsystem, while disturbing force, pulling force, driving force (short time scale) andforces in the earth and the earth force (in long time scale) is the main force ofevolution of man-land relationship regional system. Factor advantage superpositionmechanism, ecological and cultural transmission mechanism, ecological balance elastic mechanism, environmental and resource restriction mechanism is the mainmechanism of “people” and “land”. Input and output are the basic bidirectionalprocess of man-land system, and man-land system is coordinated, stagnant, interruptor even regressive under the action of different additional output gradient.(4) In the period of1949–present, the man-land relationship of Shandongprovince can be divided into relative coordination stage (1949-1978), prominentcontradictions stage (1979-2002), gradually coordinated stage (2003-present).Shandong province man-land system overall sustainability is part of economic factors,social factors and elements of ecological environment status gradually improved, butthe constraint effects of resources and environment are still strong, while continue tohighlight the good quality of ecological environment of supply and demandcontradiction become an important factor restricting the coordination of man-landrelationship.(5) This paper makes a quantitative measure of a coupling model of Shandongprovince1991-2012intensity of human activities and environmental resource leveland the response of the intensity of human activities to environmental and resourcelevel. Human activity intensity index of Shandong province during1991-2012increased from0.410to0.819, showing a gradual upward trend, while resources andenvironment level decreased from0.736to0.537, showing a decreased trend,meanwhile their coupling degree above0.959, at the high level coordination degree ofcoupling, by the good coordination to coordination evolution. Resources andenvironment level has corresponding and continuity of human activity intensityresponse, and always showed a negative response. But the stress amplitude wasreduced year by year. Regression analysis showed that the degree of marketizationand the regional development efficiency are the main factors causing decreasedresponse.(6) According to the classification results from the combined type, from the viewof the local spatial pattern of man-land relationship regional system, Weihai, Qingdaois a high level of coordination, Zaozhuang, Binzhou, Weifang and Tai’an belonged tothe middle level coordination type, Rizhao, Linyi, Dongying, Yantai and Dezhoubelong to the low level of coordination, Zibo, Laiwu and Jining are not coordinated,Liaocheng and Heze were reluctant coordination. From the view of the county-levelcity spatial pattern of man-land relationship regional system, coordination type of LuDong, Lu and Lubei area is relatively good, but coordination type of Lunan, Luxi area especially Heze and Linyi area is relatively poor, and there is a big difference betweentypes of regional coordination.(7) Study on selection of fragile ecological type, both sea and land type, andresource oriented type. Sensitivity and vulnerability of the ecological environment,freshwater resources be congenitally deficient, worrying situation of environmentalpollution are the main contradiction of the Yellow River delta efficient ecologicaleconomic area, and there developed more excessive in the central region and the westwing area, while the east wing area and the central part of the county urban district’sman-land relationship relative coordination. The fishery production in the structuraland deep-seated is paradoxical, marine industry structure is not reasonable, freshwater resources shortage is the main contradiction between people and land in theShandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone, and sustainability of man-land relationshipis changing from the general sustainable to the strong sustainability. The extensivemode of economic development, unreasonable industrial structure and watershedenvironmental problems is the main contradiction of people and land in the west upliftbelt; man-land system of Zaozhuang City vulnerability between0.208-0.377, belongsto the level of vulnerability low strength.(8) In the perspective of time and space, man-land relationship research goal is tocoordinate the man-land relationship, and promote the continuous optimization ofman-land relationship regional system, the realization of regional sustainabledevelopment. From the "people" productivity, demand force and control force as wellas the "land" capacity, buffer capacity and resilience perspective, constructs theoverall regulation thinking of regional system of man land relationship, and on thisbasis construct the regional coordination mechanism of man-land system control. Theauthor puts forward the optimization countermeasure about optimized between"people" and "land" interaction and interaction strength, strengthen the ecologicalsafety regulation, optimize the spatial structure of interaction between "people" and"land".In the content arrangement, this paper is divided into8parts:(1) Part One: Introduction. It describes the research background of international,domestic and Shandong province, and its research significance, the research content,the technical route, research methods and innovations.(2) Part Two: Study and practice in home and abroad. Combing, summarizingboth researches on the relationship between the characteristics and deficiencies at home and abroad, it summarizes the future research trends of man land relationship.(3) Part Three: The basic theory and basic concepts. It analyses the related theoryof man-land relationship, combing and judging the related theory about man-landrelationship, man-land system, the regional system of man-land relationship.(4) Part Four: The evolution mechanism of regional system of man-landrelationship. It expounds the state of the evolution of man land relationship, inferringthe influence model of "people" to "land", and the constraint model of “land” to“people”, while it analyses the influencing factors and characteristics about theevolution of man-land relationship, constructing the overall framework of theevolution mechanism of man land relationship.(5) Part Five: Empirical study on the evolution of regional system of man landrelationship in Shandong province. It divides the stage of man-land relationshipevolution in Shandong province, comprehensive evaluation of Shandong provinceman land relationship sustainability, and analyses the evolution process and spatialpattern of man-land relationship in Shandong province.(6) Part Six: Discussion on the typical regional system of man-land relationshipof the contradiction between people and land. It discriminates the principalcontradiction of the man-land relationship in efficient ecological economic zone of theYellow River Delta, Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone and the west uplift belt,and by mathematical methods, makes comprehensive evaluation about within the areaof the man-land relationship sustainability.(7) Part Seven: Optimizing the path of man-land relationship regional system. Itconstructs the whole idea of optimized control of man-land relationship regionalsystem, and puts forward to the optimizational path of man-land relationship, from the"people" and "land" interaction pattern and intensity,"land" ecological carryingcapacity of the environment and spatial structure and system security etc.(8) Part Eight: Conclusion and prospect. Through the comprehensive review andlogic generalization of this paper, the author refines and summarizes the basicconclusion, and studies on the trend in the future.更多还原