【作者】 闫晓昀；

【导师】 朱德发； 周海波；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 现代乡土文学返照了现代中国的文化二重性，是解读现代中国文化发展与组成的一把钥匙。按照其内蕴的文化判断，现代乡土小说可分为对民族文化传统持批判态度的“恨乡”小说、持疏离态度的“变乡”小说和持认同态度的“恋乡”小说，其中“恋乡”小说因其独特的类别特征而与现代民族文化形象取得了直接的关联。在当前“全球化”语境下，提炼一个明晰可靠的现代民族文化形象（也即本文提出的“现代中华形象”概念）以实现民族文化身份的确认并借此体现中国文化的个性特征与个体价值已是势在必行的工作。此一工作将在同步肯定传统与现代的前提下，祛除传统文化糟粕，吸纳现代文化精华，同时也将中国文化的特质与优根性组成在现代化转变的过程中保留下来，并发掘其之于“现代”的意义。基于“恋乡”小说在主、客观两方面的传统与现代的双重立场，及其由之而生的深刻的文化隐喻，“恋乡”小说成为本文所亟须的现代民族文化形象的摇篮。本文选取《桥》、《边城》、《山南水北》和《大淖记事》四部“恋乡”小说典型作品作为样本进行细读，从中提炼现代中华形象。这四部作品分别绘制了现代中华形象的不同侧面。其中小说《桥》力证了佛教文化是民族文化的根性组成。不仅在本文构筑层面调用了丰富的佛教意象、采用了禅机遍布的语言方式，制造了空寂静远的佛韵禅境，也以具体的内容表达了空、苦、真如遍布等佛教思想。传统佛教文化在《桥》的现代视阈中实现了现代转型，它迎合着现代诉求，自我选择了“禅宗”一脉，突出了内蕴于禅宗的有关平等、主观能动、反权威等现代意识，同时还以“人的觉醒”等现代人文精神纯化了佛教文化、拓展了禅宗内涵，使其成为现代中华形象的重要组成元素；《边城》是考量儒家文化之现代存在形态的视窗。它以理想的社会秩序与人事关系体现和表达着现代中国文学对儒学传统美德及“性善”理论的偏好，同时传承了儒学积极入世的人文品格，在“出世”的面纱下隐藏着重建社会秩序与民族品格的社会责任感。在对儒家文化进行现代滤选的过程中，《边城》扬弃了儒学思想的意识形态性，破除了意识形态挟制下礼与名对人的压抑，继而突破了传统儒家文化对“君”与“群体”的倚重，回归对个体的重视，讲求以个人修为而非仕途经济之道来实现儒学思想对于人的想象，尝试以自然的理想人性来从根源上实现理想社会的构建，将自由、平等、本性的“人”置于理论思考与实践的中心，真正践行了儒家文化的精髓理念。《山南水北》图现了道家“天人合一”的自然崇拜、齐物观念、“逍遥”的生命形态以及无为、无名的自然人性观，并以基于道家文化的“含魅”特征赋予“人”以“神”的色彩。它滤除了传统道家文化的消极因素，凭借对其的现代转型凸出了人之核心地位，激发并宣扬了人的神性因素，现代作家正是借由这一理念表达了对人之自主性和崇高性的追求，同时，用内蕴“道”中的反叛与怀疑精神为现代作家的“反主流”、“反权威”，追求“个性”、“自由”与“平等”提供了来自于传统文化的精神依托。此外，经转化后的道家文化还是对抗“现代异化”的工具，用心与物游、复返自然的道家精神来消解人与物的对立及物对人的奴役，以无为对抗有为带来的负面影响，是作者所认为的最为行之有效的反异化之道，“恋乡”小说也以《山南水北》为窗口，展示了道家文化如何在现代转化下获得自由的新生命，并从自身内部催生养育出现代思想意识，为源自西方文明的现代文化提供了扎根民族的土壤。《受戒》从三个方面展示了作为传统观文化核心要素的“和谐”的内涵，即主体内部和谐、主体之间和谐及主客体和谐。它明证了“和谐”是民族文化的传统与特质，同时也通过重视人之本体、构建理想人性、表现人文关怀精神等具体的文学内容展现了和谐理念的现代升华。对“和谐”的追求也塑造了现代中国文学独特的文学风貌，使其具有抒情且节制的文学品格，经由现代文学重新阐释的“和谐”，为现代民族树立了世界观的标杆，并为理想人格与合理的社会秩序提供了统摄性的思想基础，对现代文学而言，它同时也规定了其最高审美目标与精神内质、外在品貌，对实现“恋乡小说”的诗化、促成中国小说的现代形式和实现“艺术地生存”而言具均有不可忽视的重要意义。在文本分析中，一个完整的现代民族文化形象得以建构。它是现代民族实现民族文化身份认同的方法，也中国文学同世界对话并参与世界文学谱系绘制的基础和前提。它继承了传统民族文化儒释道“三位一体”的文化结构，以现代性为背景与目的，以纯化之后的传统文化精髓为根基，以全新文化语境下的和谐理念为其精神本质及审美追求。它是包容的、制衡的、深刻的、民族的、现代的。它即是形而上的统摄性价值体系，同时也具有实际的文化指导意义，既决定了现代民族文学的精神内核，也同样决定了其形式魅力，其对于具体文学活动具有参照价值，对重建文化权威、引导优雅和谐的现代民族文学创作、构建民族批评话语而言均具有不容置疑的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Modern Local Literature, which flashbacks duality of modern Chinese culture, is a key tointerpret Chinese cultural development and composition. According to its intrinsic culture,modern local novels can be divided into "Hating Township" novels,"Watching Township"novels and "Loving Township" novels."Hating township" novels are critical of the nationalcultural heritage, and "Watching Township” hold alienated attitude. While "Loving Township"novels keep recognition attitude. Among them "Loving Township" novels obtained a directlink to the modern national culture image due to its unique category features. In the currentcontext of globalization, it is necessary to refine a clear and reliable modern national cultureimage, i.e., the concept of "modern Chinese image" in this dissertation, to identify the nationalculture and via this work to reflect the personality characteristics and individual values ofChinese culture. On the premise of synchronous affirmation of tradition and modernity, thisdissertation will dispel the traditional culture dross and absorb the modern culture essence.Meanwhile, the characteristics of Chinese culture and form of excellent root will be retained inthe process of modernization transformation, and their significance to "modern" will beexplored. Based on the dual positions of tradition and modern both subjectively andobjectively for "Loving Township" novels, with the profound cultural metaphor,"LovingTownship" novels are considered as the cradles of modern national culture image whichneeded urgently in this dissertation. Four "Loving Township" novels "The Bridge","BorderTown","The Four Corners of the Land" and "A Tale of Big Nur" are selected as typical sampleworks to read in detail for extracting the modern Chinese image. These four novels havedrawn different aspects of modern Chinese image."The Bridge" proved soundly the rootedcomposition of the Buddhist culture in the national culture. In the texting dimension, a richBuddhist imagery was invoked and the language full of Zen was utilized. An empty, silent, andfar Zen State and Buddhist rhyme were created, also Buddhist thought such as empty, bitter,“really all over” were expressed by the concrete content. Modern transformation of traditional Buddhist culture was achieved in "The Bridge" from a modern perspective. Chosen Zenconsciously, it catered to the demands of modern appeal and highlighted the modernconsciousness which is intrinsic in Zen about equality, subjective initiative, anti-authority, etc.The "human awakening" and other humane spirit purified Buddhist culture and expanded themeaning of Zen. These made it an important element of the modern Chinese image."BorderTown" is a window to consider the modern existing form of Confucian culture. Its ideal socialorder and human relations embodied and expressed the core idea of "ritual" and "benevolence"and the performance of "goodness" theory in Confucianism of modern Chinese literature.Meanwhile, it inherited humanistic character of Confucianism. The social responsibility forreconstruction of social order and national character was hidden under the veil of "facing theworld". In the modern filtration of Confucian culture,"Border Town" discarded the ideologyof Confucianism and got rid of the depression of ideological hijack by etiquette and fame.Then it broke the reliance of "emperor" and "groups" in traditional Confucian culture andreturned to the emphasis on the individuals. It emphasized on individual accomplishmentrather than economic and official career to achieve human imagination in Confucianism.Based on human nature, it tried to construct an ideal society from the roots. Freedom, equalityand the nature of "human” were placed at the center of theory and practice and the essence ofConfucian concept was implemented."The Four Corners of the Land" figured out natureworship, equality of things,"happy" life forms and inaction, nameless human nature in Taoistwhich emphasizes syncretism between heaven and man. Based on "ghostly" feature of Taoistculture,“human" was given the colors of "God"."The Four Corners of the Land" filtered thenegative factors of traditional Taoist culture out. With its modern transformation, the coreposition of human was emphasized, and the divinity factor of human was stimulated andpromoted. Modern authors expressed the pursuit of human autonomy and noble nature basedon this idea. Meanwhile, with the rebellion and skepticism intrinsic in "Tao", modern authorsexpressed "anti-mainstream","anti-authority", the pursuit of "individuality","freedom" and"equality" and provided spiritual support from the traditional culture. In addition, thetransformed Taoist culture was still a tool against the "modern alienation". Full of intentions,physical tour and regression to nature, Taoist spirit dispelled confrontation between human and objects and human slavery from objects. Doing nothing against the negative effects of doingeverything was the most effective anti-alienation way that the author believed. As a window of"Loving Township" novels,"The Four Corners of the Land" showed how to get a new born offreedom in Taoism during modern transformation. And internally born modern ideologyprovided nationally rooted soil for modern culture derived from Western civilization."Ordained" showed the meaning of "harmony" as the core elements of the traditional culturefrom three aspects that meant the harmony inside subject and between subjects, and theharmony between subject and object. It proved that "harmony" is the national cultural traditionand characteristics. The sublimation of modern harmony concept was shown by concreteliterary content which focused on people’s nature, constructed ideal humanity and performedhumane care. The pursuit of "harmony" shaped the unique literary style of modern Chineseliterature, which has a lyrical and moderate literary character."Harmony", through areinterpretation of modern literature, set a worldview benchmark of the modern nation andprovided a unifying ideological basis for the ideal personality and rational social order. It alsospecified the highest aesthetic goals, spiritual quality and external appearance for modernliterature. It was significant and could not be ignored for the poetic realization of "LovingTownship" novels, contribution of modern Chinese novel form and "artful survival". Acomplete image of a modern national culture has been constructed in the text analysis. It is amethod to achieve national cultural identity for the modern nation, also foundation andprerequisite for Chinese literature dialogue with the world and participation in pedigreedrawing of world literature. It inherits the Trinitarian cultural structure of traditional culturecombined by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Modernity is its background and purpose,while the essence of purified traditional culture acts as foundation. And the concept ofharmony with new cultural context severs as its spiritual nature and aesthetic pursuit. It isinclusive, balanced, deep, national and modern. It is a metaphysical unifying value system,with practical and cultural significance. It determines both the spiritual core and attractiveform of the modern national literature. As a reference value for the concrete literary activities,it has unquestionable significance for reconstruction of cultural authority, introduction toelegant and harmonious modern national literature and construction of national criticism discourse.更多还原