【作者】 阚玉香；

【导师】 严昌洪；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 经济—社会史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 救济事业对于缓解社会发展中的矛盾、维护社会稳定、改善人民生活状况都具有重要的作用。在抗战时期,救济工作的重要性尤为突出,是关系到增强抗战力量、争取抗战胜利的重大问题。既然救济事业对抗战如此重要,抗战时期政府及社会各界到底是如何开展救济工作以增强抗战力量的呢?这是一个值得深入研究的内容。近年来有关抗战时期救济的研究引起史学界的关注,取得了一系列成果,但在一些领域也留下了可供继续深入的空间,如对战时重庆地区救济的综合性研究较少。本文以抗战时期为时间限制,以重庆为空间定位,以难民、难童、乞丐、内迁知识妇女救济为研究对象,从救济的主体、思想、政策、措施、效果等多个方面展现抗战时期从各级政府到社会团体和个人的立体救济图景,力争通过特殊时期、特殊地区的区域专题史探讨对战时救济研究有所突破。本文第一章,首先阐述了战时重庆地位的特殊性,介绍救济事业开展的环境。重庆地处西南,远离战场,是相对安全的地区,又是沿长江西上入川的必经之地,因此优越的地理位置和便利的交通吸引了部分寻求安全栖息地的逃难者投奔此地。另外,战时国民政府迁至重庆,使重庆的政治地位空前提高,并且由于日军的掠夺轰炸,东南沿海各行各业掀起内迁的热潮,在内迁人流的影响下,追随国民政府以求解决生计问题的逃难者经过多次辗转到达重庆。其次,分析了聚集重庆各类待救济群体的基本情况,包括一般难民的阶段性动态分析、难童的基本情况和主要组成、内迁知识妇女的概况及其内迁原因分析、乞丐产生的原因及其构成。本文第二章阐述了战时重庆开展救济工作的必要性。首先是保存民命与保护人才的需要。各类待救济群体,生活维艰,医疗卫生没有保障,他们生命不保,但他们都是国家和社会建设的重要力量。其次,开展救济工作是稳定社会秩序的需要。战时重庆社会处于失序的状态,是多种因素综合作用的结果,但各类待救济群体的聚集,给重庆社会带来了一定的影响,如物价上涨、影响社会安定、影响居民正常生活等,这也是开展救济工作的必要性之一。重庆待救者的众多及其生活的悲惨,引起政府和社会各界的广泛关注。他们利用报刊、杂志、广播等媒体大力宣扬救济工作的重要性、必要性。在此影响下,从国民政府到重庆市政府再到社会组织、工厂、企业、宗教慈善团体、国际人士等纷纷用不同的方式参与重庆救济工作,形成了多元的救济主体。这是本文第三章的内容。本文第四章主要阐述了抗战时期确立的救济思想及采取的救济措施。思想是行动的先导,战时重庆,政府及社会各界开展救济工作秉承着救济是政府和人们的责任、以积极救济为主、“因人制宜”等思想。在这些思想的指导下,各救济机构针对重庆难民、难童、乞丐和内迁知识妇女采取的紧急救济措施主要包括设立收容场所、发放救济金及日常生活必需品、疏散转送等,积极救济措施包括职业介绍、小本借贷、推行教育、思想训练等。本文第五章主要分析了救济的效果。抗战时期重庆地区多元的救济主体采取多种措施开展的救济工作,其效果如何,必须客观的分析。首先应该看到救济工作的积极效果,它为部分待救济者提供了基本生活保障保存了民命,增强了抗战力量,培养了建设人才。其次,由于主客观因素的影响,救济的不足之处表现亦十分明显,如救济范围有限,物资供给较差,救济政策、措施推行不力等。本文最后在前几章分析、阐释的基础上,总结了抗战时期重庆地区救济的特点及留给后人的启示。抗战时期重庆地区救济事业呈现的特点表现为战时救济的政治性、国家与社会密切合作、救济的层次性、事前应对准备与预防机制的逐步完善等方面。这些特点既有对传统救济特点的继承和延续,也有为适应战时需要而产生的新特点。通过对战时重庆地区救济的全面分析,使我们认识到在开展社会救济事业的过程中,应该将民生工作放在首位,充分发挥国家、社会各方力量,形成系统的组织机构,制定完善的规章制度,高效率的利用各种社会资源,切实保障人民生命安全。更多还原

【Abstract】 Relief service plays a very important role in alleviating the contradiction in social development and safeguarding social stability and improving people’s living conditions. During the Anti-Japanese War period, the importance of relief work became much more outstanding, and the relief work was a vital problem which involved enhancing power resistance and fighting for the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. Just for that reason, the government and all sectors of the community were how to carry out develop the relief work in order to enhance the power of resistance? This is a worth researching content. In recent years, the study on relief of the Anti-Japanese War has aroused concern among the historical academic circles, which has made a series of achievements, but in some areas, it also left for further space, such as for a comprehensive study of the remedy of Chongqing area being less.In this paper, regarding the period of Anti-Japanese War as the time limit and Chongqing as space restriction, and regarding refugees and the special group of refugee children and beggars and moved inside knowledge women as the research object, we show three-dimensional relief prospect from governments at all levels to social organizations and individuals through the necessity of relief and the relief subject and relief concept and relief policies and relief measures and relief effect and so on many aspects, and we strive to have breakthrough in the research wartime relief through studying on the regional project history of the special period and special region area.The first chapter, firstly, expounds the particularity of Chongqing in wartime, and introduced the environment of the relief institutions. Chongqing is located in the southwest, and it is away from the battlefield, and it is relatively safe areas, and it is a must pass place along the Changjiang River to Sichuan, therefore the superior geographical position and convenient traffic attracted part seeking safety habitat evacuees to this place. In addition, National Government moving to Chongqing made the political position of Chongqing unprecedented increase in the Anti-Japanese War period. And southeast coastal all walks of life in a move of the boom because the Japanese robbing and bombing, under the influence of moving people, evacuees who followed the National Government in order to solve the problem of the livelihood and aftered many tossing and turned to here. Secondly, it expounds the basic situation of need to relief person, and it analysis the dynamic phases process of the refugees move to the rear area, and it introduces the main part of the refugee children’s, and it expounds the basic situation and moved reason of moved inside knowledge women, and it introduces the reasons of the beggar and its components in the Anti-Japanese War period in Chongqing.The second chapter describes the necessity of relief work in the Anti-Japanese War period in Chongqing. First,it is the need of saving people’s lives and protecting talent. For all kinds of relief groups who life difficult and medical and health no security and life no guarantee.but they were all important strength of countries and social construction. Second, it is the need of stabling social order. The disorder of Chongqing society was the result of many factors,but all kinds of needing relief groups gathered together bring some influence to Chongqing social, such as rising prices and affecting social stability and affecting other residents’ normal, this is also one of the necessity for relief work.The third chapter mainly analysis the diversified characteristics of relief subject in the Anti-Japanese War period in Chongqing. The numerous and misery of need to relief personnel caused wide attention of government and all sectors of the community. From the National Government to the Chongqing municipal government, and to social organization and factories and enterprises and religious charities and international observers, they participated in relief work of refugee and refugee children and moved inside knowledge women and beggars in different ways.The fourth chapter mainly expounds relief thoughts and relief measures which were adopted in the Anti-Japanese War period in Chongqing. In the Anti-Japanese War period, the National Government and all sectors of the community both took the traditional thoughts of relief, such as thoughts being the obligation of government and regarding positive relief as the major measures, and accorded to the actual give full play to the traditional thoughts of relief, and actively advocated the thoughts that relief is rear people’s responsibility, and claimed the thoughts of suiting measures to different persons. By the guidance of these ideas, various relief agencies took emergency relief measures including the establishment for shelter, extend benefits and daily necessities, evacuation transfer, and positive relief measures including professional introduction, pamphlet lending, implementation of education, thought education, etc.The fifth chapter mainly analysis relief effect. Multiple relief subjects carried out the relief work through many of measures in the Anti-Japanese War period in Chongqing, and its effect is what and must be objective analysis. Firstly, we should be sure that relief work had made positive effect, and the relief provided basic life safeguard for a part of need to relief personnel and saved the people’s life and enhanced the resistance strength and trained construction talent. Secondly, because of the influence of the subjective and objective factors, the defects of relief were also very obvious, such as relief scope being limited and living conditions being poor and relief measures implementation being slack.The sixth chapter sums up the characteristics of relief in the Anti-Japanese War period in Chongqing on the basis of front chapters’ analysis and explanation. These features mainly display in the following areas:wartime relief having political nature, and national and social cooperating closely, and relief having different levels, and advance preparation and prevention mechanism being a process of perfection, and cooperation of the Communist Party and the Kuomintang in relief process, etc. These characteristics both include the inheriting and continuations of the traditional relief features and include new characteristics which adapt to the need for the war.Through comprehensive analysis the remedy of refugees and its special group in the Anti-Japanese War period in Chongqing, we come to realize that in the process of carrying out social relief, we should take the livelihood of the people in the first place, and according to actual condition, we should give full play to the country and society force and all force forms the system organization, and we should make the perfect rules and regulations and efficiently use social resources to safeguard the people’s life safety.更多还原