水中堡

【作者】 刘文炯；

【导师】 郑岩；

【作者基本信息】 中央美术学院 ， 美术学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本文以探讨河北蔚州水中堡的营建时间为线索,结合明清沿长城一线宣大区域内州县、村堡空间形态的变迁,紧密围绕村堡空间与村民心态彼此制约、生成动态关系中的视觉因素变迁这一核心问题,通过明清官员、士绅、村民心态关照下的蔚州村堡,从多个角度、不同层面“深描”了村民的精神世界,进而揭示出蔚州村堡空间在不同时期营造、改建的深层因由。首先,在明蒙对峙的语境下,蔚州村堡的营建呈现出了“空间先定”的特点。这体现在村民利用水涧、台地的地理空间优势,通过拆除庙宇、兼并村堡构筑起防卫性的堡墙,体现出具有“清野”、“坚壁”的时代性。这种“空间先定”,形成了堡墙上正北方的真武庙,与堡墙内的“守备”设施共同组成的“西北模式”,从整体上呈现出务实性防卫和一元化信仰结合的特点。其次,“隆庆和议”之后,社会基本承平,村民的“心态主导”成为村堡扩建的决定因素,穿破了既有的围困局面。村堡的中心开始从西北往南边转移,形成了大量庙宇围绕戏楼的新中心,表现出村民对个人日常时间的重新划定和细分。尤其在多堡并存的状态下,村民对所在村堡中轴线的强调,体现了堡际之间的互动和博弈,也折射出区域性社会与朝廷、邻族之间多元、频繁的互动。“隆庆和议”前后,致使蔚州村堡营建和扩展的几个层次之中,其决定性因素由“空间先定”转向“心态主导”,反映出村民由非常时期求存活的集体意识,转化为对日常状态下民族间、家族内部个人生存质量的关注。另外,在对村堡空间结构转型的分析过程中,本文有对“西北模式”等多处空间整体性关系链接的全新推断和发现；笔者通过深入探讨蔚州各阶层心态间的关系,揭示了村堡视觉、物质因素与各时期村民思想、心态演变之间的对应节奏关系；笔者还发现上述各时期内,国家权力对蔚州区域不同空间的影响是一直存在的。本文在坚持对艺术史学科关怀的前提下,尤重于多学科互动的尝试。文章没有单纯研究地表遗存中的视觉、物质因素,而是将之纳入其自身所依存空间、心态的格局之下,将“村民”这个空间的缔造者有意识地纳入视野,为更立体、丰满地研究视觉、物质文化的整体、动态性关联做出了新的尝试,对于重新构建和扩展艺术史进行了大胆探索,为艺术史与相邻学科间的对话觅得了途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis explores the construction timeline of Shuizhongpu水中堡in Yuzhou蔚州,Hebei province in conjunction with the spatial changes of state and village in the Xuan Da region宣大区域along the Great Wall during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Centering upon scholar X’s assertion that visual changes reflect the dynamic and reciprocal interactions between village space and villagers’attitudes, the thesis builds a "thick description" of the Yuzhou villagers’mental world by investigating the attitudes of officials, gentry, and villages towards village construction, and thereby revealing deeper insights into the rebuilding of Yuzhou village during different periods.Firstly, in the context of the war between the Ming government and the Mongolian forces, the construction of Yuzhou’s villages appears to be characterized by "space determined". This is embodied in the contemporary construction practices of "land clearance" and "reinforcement": destroying temples and building strong defensive walls between villages in order to take advantage of the natural space between the brooks and the tableland. This type of Space Dependence is embodied in the "Northwest model" which combined the Zhenwu temple in the north part of the village with a series of defensive construction in the northwest part of the village. In other words, the "Northwest Model" shows the fusion of defensive functions and centralized faith.Secondly, after the Long Qing Accord, society existed more peacefully, and the "dominant mentality" of the villagers became a primary factor in the expansion of the village, and this changed the original situation of the village being hemmed in by the walls. The center of village began to move from northwest to south, and a new wave of mass temple construction based around the theater tower began to emerge, demonstrating that the villagers were delineating and aportioning their daily existence in a new way. Especially in regard to the coexistence of villages, this transition shows villagers’ particular attention to their village axis. It further reveals the multiple and continual relations between villages, as well as the multifaceted and frequent interactions between regional society and the government or neighboring families.The Long Qing Negotiation caused several levels of changes in Yuzhou village construction and expansion that determined a shift from "Space Determined" to "Mentality Led" that reflects the transition from the villagers’ collective mentality of surviving desperate times to considering the quality of daily life as a nationality and family. In addition, in the analysis of structural changes in village’s space, this thesis has also made new discoveries regarding the "Northwest Model" and several other aspects of spatial relationships. Through a deep analysis of the mentalities of different strata of Yuzhou society, the author also reveals a relationship between the changes of attitude and village vision, material factors, and villagers’thinking in different periods. At the same time, the author also demonstrates the continual influnce of national power upon different spaces in Yuzhou region.This thesis seeks an interdisciplinary approach to the premise of Art Historical enquiry. It does not simply study the visual and physical factors, but rather the structures of space and mentality that they are based upon, and deliberately brings the villager, as the builder of space, into the academic enquiry. This thesis comprises a new attempt to provide a more grounded and comprehensive study of the dynamic relationship bewteen visual and material culture, and demonstates a brave exploration of the reconstruction and expansion of Art History, and a new kind of dialogue between Art History and other disciplines.更多还原