【作者】 王晖；

【导师】 邹冬生；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 生态学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 红色旅游是目前我国独具特色的一种旅游形式之一。本文在从生态经济、生态伦理、生态文化等视角对红色旅游生态化基本理论问题进行探讨的基础上,集成文献检索、市场调研、数理分析等多种方法,剖析了我国红色旅游发展中瓶颈问题和深层次原因,并以韶山、延安为例对未来几年红色旅游需求态势和发展规模进行了具体分析与预测；对我国红色旅游生态化运筹的主要环节、影响因素进行了理论分析和实践论证；并从目标优化、模式运筹和措施集成等层面,构建和制定了“两型”红色旅游生态化体系及其优化策略。主要研究结果如下：(1)生态学共生原理、充实生态位原理、边缘效应原理和生态经济、生态文化、生态伦理等相关理论的集成,对红色旅游生态化的方向定位、科学规划及其开发实践具有重要的指导作用。红色旅游开发要以文化传承和生态体验为核心,以红色旅游地资源可持续利用和产品可持续经营为目标,强调环境管理和社区受益,通过合理的旅游资源配置和旅游结构优化,维护红色旅游地人文生态与自然生态的可持续性,从而更好地发挥红色旅游的经济救济、政治教育以及文化传承的功能。(2)中国红色旅游资源丰富,范围涵盖中国若干重要的省份和旅游城市；其主要红色旅游资源在中部及东部地区呈现集聚型分布状态。目前,大多数红色旅游景区已经实现了市场化发展的转变,接待能力、综合效益稳步提升,红色旅游的知名度、美誉度越来越高；但也存在核心景点压力过大、旅游资源保护不足、利用效率不高、旅游污染加剧等许多问题。随着旅游交通格局、旅游发展格局、旅游文化格局的不断优化,中国红色旅游有了更广阔的发展空间,同时也面临着来自其自身的最大挑战,红色旅游的产品结构、发展模式、景区容量等几方面问题成为影响红色旅游核心竞争力的重要因素。(3)红色旅游游客来源逐渐转变为单位组织和游客自主出游并重,旅游需求也呈现出多元化色彩。不仅涉及旅游者以观光、度假为主要目标的休闲需求、以教育为主要目标的文化需求及以启发、激励为主要目标的政治需求,还涉及到旅游地居民经济致富、文化传承、宜居环境等多重需求。(4)以logistic模型拟合、修正指数曲线法、灰色模型预测法和二次线性回归方法进行加权组合形成的最优组合模型,能较为准确地预测红色旅游地区游客数量的变化趋势。拟合结果表明：目前韶山和延安旅游发展正处于参与期和发展期之间,旅游人数迅速扩张,在有限的地域范围内必然呈现旅游流过度集聚特征。由于旅游发展迅速,客流量大,导致核心景区超载,会对生态环境构成巨大压力。因此,基于红色旅游本身所具有的生态敏感性和政治敏感性,都要求其在经营过程中更为关注大众化旅游可能产生的环境问题和不良影响,要更多关注居民的环境需求,强调环境管理和社区受益,使红色旅游不仅体现“经济优化”效应,还体现“环境优化”效应,实现生态化可持续发展。(5)中国红色旅游生态化转型升级模型(ETU)作为一种结构复杂、动态循环的运筹模式,具有广泛联系性、层次多重性、需求多样性的特征。其最终目标是构建起“经济、社会、文化、环境和地域”和谐共生的良性循环系统,使红色旅游发挥出更大的社会公益价值。这一过程不仅涉及对自然生态的修复与维护,还涉及对文化生态的重建或优化。因此,在模型应用中,不仅要明确简单的产业内部构造、功能及其相互关系,还要关注影响红色旅游发展的内外要素组成及其作用方式,并从环境系统、运作系统和效益系统三个方面及时对其进行评估、反馈及调整,最终实现红色旅游优化升级。(6)要实现红色旅游的生态化转型升级,需集成各方动力要素,使之协调配合,良性互动,构建起旅游提供者、旅游地社区、旅游消费者、旅游中介者、以及宏观决策者之间紧密的共生关系和生态联系,以和谐发展为价值导向对“红色”旅游资源进行“绿色”开发。包括推广循环经济、强化生态管理、建设生态文化、完善生态机制、加强生态教育等多条路径。(7)以湖南“长株潭”地区为例,目前红色旅游生态化转型仍然处于联动发展的初级阶段,因此不仅要强调企业层面的资源低耗及节能创新措施,还要加强区域合作,进一步突破行政壁垒,加强生态合作,实现生态创新,逐步建立起完整的区域红色旅游生态化合作体系,充实红色旅游生态位,打造“资源节约、环境友好”的区域红色旅游一体化产业范式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Red tourism is one of the most unique tourism forms in our country at present. In this paper, the author discusses the basic theoretical problems on the red tourism ecological transformation, refines the ecological economy, ecological ethics, ecological culture theory connotation, and analyzes the bottleneck problems of red tourism development based on the literature retrieval, market research and data analysis; taking Shaoshan, Yan’an as examples, analysis the demand situation and predict the development scale of red tourism in the next few years; analyzed the theory of red tourism ecological transformation,and demonstrate the influence factors of ecological transformation in practice, put forward the optimization goal, operation mode and implementation measures, study the "resource-saving and environment-friendly" mode of red tourism and optimization strategy.The main results are as following:(1) The theory of symbiotic, the ecology niche theory, the edge effect theory and ecological economic, ecological culture, ecological ethics and other related theory, plays an important role in guiding the direction of red tourism, ecological planning and development practice. Taking the ecological experience and culture as the core, the sustainable use of resources and sustainable management as the goal, emphasis on environmental management and community benefit in the tourism planning, keeping red tourism culture ecology and natural ecology sustainable with reasonable distribution of tourism resources and tourism structure optimization, is better for the red tourism economic benefits, political education and cultural heritage features.(2) Red tourism resources covering several important provinces and city in China, mainly present aggregated distribution state in the central and Eastern regions. At present, most of the red tourism scenic spots have finished the market transformation, the reception ability, and comprehensive benefits steadily, visibility and reputation of red tourism is more power; but the pressure of core attractions is too hearvy, the resources protection and utilization efficiency is not enough, tourism pollution problems also existed. With continuous optimization of the tourist traffic pattern, tourism development pattern, tourism culture pattern, China red tourism gets a broader space for development, but also faces the biggest challenge from its own. The problems of red tourism product structure, development mode, resource capacity and so on, have become the important factors which affect the core competitiveness of red tourism.(3) Organization of tourism and independent travel gradually become the main source of the red tourist attractions, tourism demand are more diversified. Not only relates to the vacation, leisure, education demand, cultural needs, and political needs of tourists, but also to multiple demands such as tourism destination resident economic wealth, cultural heritage, and livable environments.(4) Based on logistic model, modified exponential curve method, the grey model prediction method and two linear regression method for optimal combination model weighted combination, can accurately predict the tourists change tendency of red tourism. Simulation results showed that:Shaoshan and Yan’an tourism development is in the participation stage and development stage at present, the number of tourists expands rapidly, tourist flow agglomeration within a limited geographical area. The rapidly development of tourism, the large passenger flow, resulting in the core spots overload, will produce tremendous pressure on the ecological environment. Therefore, based on the ecological sensitivity and the political sensitivity of red tourism itself, we should pay more attention to the environmental problems of mass tourism may produce adverse effects; pay more attention to the residential needs of the environment in the red tourism business; to strengthen environmental management and security community benefit, make the development of red tourism not only reflect the "economic optimization" effect, but also reflect the "environmental optimization" effect, and realize the sustainable development of red tourism.(5) China red tourism ecological transformation&upgrading (ETU) is a complex, dynamic operation mode, has the characteristics of wide range of contact, hierarchical multiple, demand diversity. The ultimate goal of ETU is to build "economic, social, cultural, environmental and regional" harmony of the benign circulation system, make red tourism play a greater social value. This process not only relates to the maintenance and repair of the natural ecology, but also relates to the reconstruction and optimization of culture ecology. Therefore, in the model, we not only need to clear a simple internal structure, function and the relationship between the industry, but also to research the internal and external factors which influence the development of red tourism and its mode of action. By evaluates the system from the three aspects such as environmental, operation and benefits, to make it be feedback and adjustment timely, and to realize the optimization and upgrading of red tourism finally.(6) In order to realize the red tourism ecological transformation and upgrading, we need to integrate all elements, with the coordination of the parties, the benign interaction, establish the symbiotic relationship and ecological links between tourism providers, community tourism, tourist, tourism intermediaries and macro decision makers, to realize the green development on red tourism. Including multiple paths:Promotion of circular economy, strengthen ecological management, ecological culture construction, improve the ecological mechanism, strengthen ecological education etc.(7)Taking Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan region(CZT) as examples, the red tourism ecological transformation is still in the primary stage of development. Therefore, it is not only need to reduce the resource consumption, strengthen innovation measures for energy saving in enterprise, but also need to break administrative barriers further, strengthen ecological cooperation, realize the ecological innovation, and enriches the regional red tourism niche, to creat a "resource-saving, environment-friendly" regional red tourism integration industry paradigm.更多还原