三至五世纪鄯善国收养问题研究

【作者】 李博；

【导师】 刘戈；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 专门史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 我国新疆境内出土的怯卢文文书,主要记录的是公元三至五世纪鄯善王国的社会生活。收养行为的存在便是其社会生活现象之一这一时期,鄯善王国已经出现了收养契约,并且具有了一些基本的特征,主要表现在形式和内容两个方面。收养契约,在行文格式上分为三个部分；内容上则具体包含一些基本的构成要素。收养契约中的日期构成方式较为特别,是以国王在位的年数来表示的。日期的这一表达方式与该地区所处的地理位置有关,但归根结底是受中原内地文化与外来文化共同影响的结果。收养契约一般由具有政府职官身份的专门的书写人负责书写。这些书写人多是奉执政官之命或是应当事人之请求负责契约文件的书写工作。对收养之事作证的人,一般有多个,他们拥有不同的身份,主要来自统治阶层当中的政府官员、宗教人士、名门显贵。在收养契约中,有专门针对收养双方或是收养契约本身进行说明的声明语。它一方面反映了收养双方的权利与义务,另一方面反映出了这一时期鄯善王国的法律状况。作为收养人,他们的身份也是多种多样,既有政府官员、僧侣、普通百姓,还有处于底层社会当中的奴仆。收养人在有无亲生子女的情况下都可以收养养子(女),对于养子(女)的来源则没有过多的要求和限制。收养的养子(女)年龄有大有小,这与其收养的目的有着直接的关系。收养人对养子(女)具有人身所有权、买卖权和控告的权利,同时他们也要担负起支付抚养费、抚养养子(女)并为其操办婚事的义务。此外,与收养人有关的一些亲属们也对养子(女)具有一定的权利和义务。这一时期,该地区存在着收养养女略多于收养养子的现象,这与该地区的风俗习惯有着密切的关系。被收养的养子(女)们也有着不同的出身。他们主要来自于奴仆之家、僧人之家、普通百姓家庭当中。他们之所以会被送养,主要是由于家庭遭遇变故、被父母遗弃或是其它一些不明原因。被收养者在继承收养人的家长权、财产权的同时,也要担负起照顾收养人家庭的重担。此外,养子(女)们还具有一定的控告权。养子(女)原来家中的亲属们有收取抚养费和控告的权利,而其应尽的义务就是不再与养子(女)们有所牵扯,不得干涉养子(女)们在养父母家中的新生活。从收养问题当中折射出了这一时期鄯善王国的社会生活状况：鄯善国正处于社会转型的过渡时期。奴仆有了一定的自由权,人权状况在一定程度上有所改善。该地区的经济状况仍停留在一定的发展程度上,以以物易物的方式支付抚养费便是其典型的表现。鄯善僧人娶妻生子或是收(送)养养子(女)的世俗生活,则是受鄯善世俗佛教、地理环境、国家政策、人性本然的心理需求多种因素综合作用的影响。在日常生活中,人们比较注重维护其收养权益,具有较强的法律意识。这既是国法的要求,也是其乡规民约的具体体现和反映。在鄯善王国内,家庭结构主要是以直系血亲为纽带组成的“核心型”大家庭。家庭人际关系则主要表现为夫妻、父子(女)、兄弟、主仆四种关系。这一时期的婚姻状况亦呈现出多样化复杂的特点。更多还原

【Abstract】 This batch of the Kharosthi documents unearthed in xinjiang of China, and its mainly records about the social life of ShanShan country in three to five century AD. The existence of adoption behavior is one of the phenomena in social life.When three to five century AD, ShanShan country had appeared the adoption contract at the time of adoption of adopted children. This adoption contract has some basic characteristics, mainly manifested in two aspects of content and form. From writing format, the adoption contract was made up three parts. From the content, it contains some basic elements. Adoption of date of the contract way is more special, its expression based on the number of years of the reign of king. The date form of expression is related with the location in the area, is affected to the result of the mutual influence by the inland of central plains and foreign culture. The writing person of adoption contract is government personnel official, their writing must conform to executive orders or according to the request of the parties, their responsible for document writing work. The witness of has multiple to proof adoption, and the witness to testifies to the adoption have different identity, mainly from government officials of the upper ruling class or at the grass-roots level, dignified noble, religious people in the society. The statement in the adopt contract is instructions in adopted occurring between the two sides of adoption related. The object of statement can be divided into two aspects:on the one hand, its aim at the adopter or adopter in view of their rights and duties; On the one hand, this file is for issue of adoption contract. It reflects the legal status of ShanShan country from three to five centuries AD.There are four types of people as the main adoptive parent, they are officials in the region government, slaves, monks and ordinary people. Whether the adopter families had thier own’s children or no their own’s children, they also can be adopted the children. The adoptees without too many restrictions for their source. The age of adopted children have old or young in this period, this has relationship with purpose of adoption directly. Adopter has the right of ownership, the right to buy and sell and charge. At the same time, they also undertake an obligation to pay child support to the person placing out the child, raising foster children, and make arrangements for marriage of adopted children. The relatives of the adopter have certain rights and obligations to adopted children. The adoption of daughters more than adopted son in actual adoption, it is closely relationship with local customs.The foster children has different origins. They come from the slave house, monk’s home and the ordinary families. They was sent to be as foster children because the reasons of domestic calamity, discarded by his parents, or other reasons. Adopted children have rights in the three aspect of inheritance property, the head of family and to charge. They also should take care of the family burden of adoptive parents. The relatives of adoptees also have the right to collect of charge of adoptees and appeal, its duty is no longer contact with their child and interfere with their lives in new family after the child is adopted.To sum up, through these adoption contents, it profoundly reflects the political, economic, cultural and family situation of ShanShan country:ShanShan country is in transition from slavery to the feudal system during this period. The situation of slave’s human rights has improved to some extent, they have some freedom in a certain. Its way to trade mainly by the barter system in the region at this period, it showed that its economic development is still stay in a certain extent. The secular buddhism of Shanshan have a significant impact on the secular life for buddhist monks. People have strong legal consciousness and pays more attention to defend its adoption in their daily lives. This is both the requirements of the national law as well as the local rules. As a link to a direct lineal family structure of Shanshan country mainly composed of a type of core" family in this period. Family relationships is mainly shown that husband and wife, father and son (daughter), brothers, master and servant this four relations. This period of marital status also presents the diversified complex characteristics.更多还原