论延安文艺的现代性与中国新文学的发展

【作者】 张英芳；

【导师】 赵学勇；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 自20世纪以来,新旧政治体制的交锋、经济的转型、文化的革命、思想的嬗变都将中华民族的发展和命运推到一个前所未有的历史大变革中去。面对着这场疾风骤雨的革命风暴,无论是国家的政治体制,还是文化形态在各种变革力量的推动之下都从里而外,由表及里地发生了重大的变化。从康有为梁启超的政治维新到“五四”新文化革命,再到中国共产党领导的新民主主义革命,中华民族开始了艰难的由封建制度向现代民主制度的转型,在文化上则开始了由封建的、专制的家族文化向现代的、民主的民族国家文化的转型,由此中华民族迈出了走向现代化的征程。而中华民族在实现现代化的过程中所体现出的现代性也因此成为20世纪中华民族的最大追求。梳理20世纪前五十年中国历史变动的轨迹和思想嬗变的脉络,尽管在政治道路的选择上各路政治派系、政治力量明争暗斗,在文化建构上各种流派、思潮、学说争鸣激烈,但是在其中有一条主线——建立独立自主的现代民族国家成为整个中华民族最强的呼声。与建立现代民族国家的追求相呼应,肇始于晚清,蓬勃发展于五四的现代性成为打通20世纪中国各种思想壁垒和文化偏见的最重要的一环,连缀起20世纪中国思想发展的脉络。追及到延安时期,伴随革命的胜利和新的政权的建立,其对现代民族国家的追求已经由一种政治理想变成了一种现实实践。而作为既受到革命重大影响同时又对革命发生重大影响的延安文艺,其在承续五四新文化革命所开拓的“人”的文学的基础上,更加注重对一个现代民族国家的意识形态的塑造。尤其是延安文艺在现代性的表现上,体现出与“五四”同构而异质的特点。同构体现出二者所追求的目标相同——基点都是对现代民族国家的追求,异质则主要体现在二者在具体的文学体制、文学机制、文学的审美表现等方面都存有较大的不同。论文主要通过六个部分来具体阐述延安文艺的现代性与中国新文学的发展这一问题。绪论部分通过对延安文艺现代性研究现状的分析,提出本论文的研究重点,即延安文艺的现代性与“五四”文学现代性相比,其所体现出的特殊性。延安文艺现代性最大的特点就是在现代民族国家的基点上,对民族主体性的高扬,对中国文学经验的重视,从而建构起具有中国特色的现代性文学景观。论文用五个章节具体阐述了延安文艺的现代性以及它对中国新文学的发展所起的重要作用。第二章在对中国的现代性以及中国文学的现代性概览的基础上,对延安文艺现代性的构建过程、特点进行了整体性把握。第三章和第四章针对延安文艺现代性的两套方案——启蒙与救亡方案进行了具体阐述。启蒙作为文学现代性追求的起点,在延安时期体现出一系列新的特点。最典型的表现在延安时期文学对大众的再启蒙以及文学的启蒙已经由个体启蒙走向集体启蒙、直至阶级启蒙,从而将启蒙推进到一个新的发展阶段。在第四章救亡方案中着重论述了延安时期文学的生产与传播。由于文艺与革命的紧密关系,延安时期的文学生产形成了双重生产主体—知识分子与大众相结合的两个生产主体,而双重生产主体的生成使得文学场发生了挪移,尤其是《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》作为一个重要的文学制度和规范的理论文本,促成了延安时期文艺范式的重大转型。两套方案既是论文阐述延安文艺现代性的基础,又是本论文的重点。论文的第五章和第六章则对延安文艺的几个重大的具体的问题进行了深入阐述,如文艺的大众化问题、文艺的民族形式论争问题。通过对这些具体的重大问题的探究,对延安文艺的两个维度—现代性与民族性问题进行了较为深入的阐述,从而提出了延安文艺的现代性与民族性是延安文艺的两翼,二者不仅是延安文艺现代性的最大追求,也是中国新文学发生以来一个重大的命题。总体而言,可以用“一个基点,两套方案,两个维度”来概括论文的主要内容。一个基点即延安文艺的现代性追求主要体现为对现代民族国家的追求,两套方案主要是指延安文艺的现代性追求中既有启蒙的方案,又有救亡的方案,两个维度则确指其对现代性与民族性的双重追求。对于延安文艺的现代性问题,由于政治意识形态对文艺现代性的遮蔽,学界对于延安文艺现代性问题研究的匮乏,以及延安文艺现代性问题本身的复杂性,因而使得对延安文艺现代性问题的研究面临理论与现实的双重挑战。论文通过史论结合,点面结合,在对延安文艺具体史料梳理的基础上,对于延安文艺的现代性问题,以及它之于中国新文学的发展进行了系统的、深入的研究。在系统研究的基础上,论文对于影响延安文艺发展的一些重大问题大胆提出了一些新的看法,如对于延安文艺生产的双重主体的发现,对于延安时期知识分子的“有机化”问题,对于大众的再发现,对于启蒙由个体启蒙向阶级启蒙的转化,对于革命之于延安文艺的特殊功能,都提出了一些独创性的观点。尤其是对革命之于延安文艺的特殊价值进行了深入的解读,认为延安时期通过新民主主义革命追求建立现代的独立的民族国家的过程与延安文艺追求现代的民主意识的书写和新的文学表达具有内在的勾连,并且通过具体的文学文本、文学现象、文学运动对于这一问题进行了深入的分析。在对以上问题分析的基础上,论文提出了延安文艺的现代性是包含着民族性的现代性,是具有“中国特色的文学现代性”。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since twentieth Century, the old and new political confrontation, the transformation of the economic, cultural revolution of the clash, and volution of ideas will be the development of the Chinese nation and destiny to an unprecedented historical change. Faced with this flurry of revolutionary storm, whether the country’s political system, or cultural forms in various change power, great changes have taken place from the inside and outside, from the surface to the center under the drive of all.From kang liang qichao’s political reform to "May4th" new culture revolution, and then to the new democratic revolution led by the Communist Party of China,the Chinese nation embarked on the difficult transition from feudal system to modern democracy, on culture, on the other hand, started by the feudal and autocratic family culture to a modern, democratic transformation of national culture, thus the Chinese nation is a step toward modernization drive. While modern Chinese nation embodied in the process of modernization that has thus become the largest Chinese pursuit of twentieth Century.Combing fifty years before the20th century the track of the changes in the history of China and the context of the change in thoughts, although on the choice of political path various political factions, political infighting, on the cultural construction of modernism and postmodernism, theory of schools of thought contend is intense, but in one of the main line, to establish an independent modern nation-state become the strongest voice of the Chinese nation. Echoes with the establishment of modern nation-state pursuit, originated in the late Qing Dynasty, thriving in the May4th movement as a barrier through the20th century Chinese ideas of modernity and cultural bias is the most important one annulus, linking up the structure of the20th century the development of Chinese ideas.Chase and to the Yan’an times, along with the victory of the revolution and the establishment of the new regime, the pursuit of modern nation-state is by a kind of political ideal into a reality practice.But as affected by the revolution and the Yan’an literature and art have the significant influence of revolution, its development in bear the May4th new culture revolution, on the basis of "human" literature, pay more attention to in the shape of a modern nation-state ideology. Especially the Yan’an literature and art on the expression of modernity, manifests with the "May4th" homogeneous and heterogeneous characteristics. Isomorphism reflects both will have the same goal-basis pursuit of modern nation-state, heterogeneity is mainly reflected in the two in the concrete literary system, mechanism, the aesthetic expression of literature has larger different.Thesis mainly through six parts to specifically discuss about the modernity of Yan’an literature and art and the development of Chinese new literature. The introduction part through the analysis of the Yan’an literature modernity study present situation, put forward the research emphasis of this paper, namely the Yan’an literature and art compared with "May4th" literature modernity, the modernity reflects the particularity of its. The characteristics of Yan’an literature modernity is the biggest in the foundation of modern nation states, attention to the national subjectivity and the experience of Chinese literature,so as to construct the Chinese characteristic modern literary landscape.The following five chapters elaborates the Yan’an literature and art of modernity and its for an important role in the development of Chinese new literature. In the second chapter,on the basis of an overview of modernity of Chinese literature, the process of the construction of the Yan’an literature modernity and characteristic have carried on the overall grasp. The third and fourth chapter expounds the modernity in Yan’an literature and art of two schemes, enlightenment and salvation plan Enlightenment as starting point of the literary modernity pursuit in the Yan’an period reflects a series of new features.The most typical performance in Yan’an literature on public enlightenment and literature enlightenment by individual enlightenment to collective enlightenment, enlightenment until the class, which will be enlightening to advance to a new stage of development.In the fourth chapter, national salvation plan focuses on the production and dissemination of Yan’an literature.Due to the close relationship between literature and revolution period, Yan’an literature production form double production subject-the intellectuals and the masses with a combination of two main production main body,,generated double production body of literature field in the move, especially in Yan’an,"speech at the Forum on literature" as a theoretical text important literary system and the standard, contributed to a major paradigm of literary of Yan’an during the period of transformation. Two sets of the program is the paper base of Yan’an literary modernity, but also is the focus of this paper.It elaborates on the specific problems of Yan’an literature and art in the fifth chapter and the sixth chapter, such as the popularization and the controversy on national form of literature and art.Through the exploration of these specific issues, the two dimensions of modernity and nationality issues of Yan’an literature and art were analyzed, put forward the modernity and nationality is the wings of Yan’an literature and art, the two is not only the greatest pursuit of Yan’an literary modernity, but also a major proposition of the Chinese new literature since its occurrence.In general, can use the " a basis points, two sets of scheme, the main content of the two dimensions" to sum up the main content of the paper.,a basis points namely modernity pursuit of Yan’an literature and art mainly embodied in the pursuit of the modern nation-state,two set of scheme mainly refers to both the enlightenment modernity of Yan’an literature and art pursuit, and the salvation of the scheme, the two dimension is sure that the double pursuit of modernity and nationality.The modernity of Yan’an literature and art, due to political ideology on literature modernity of the shelter, academia to the lack of modernity of Yan’an literature and art, complexity and Yan’an literary modernity itself, thus making research on the problem of modern Yan’an literature is facing the dual challenges of theory and reality. Through the combination of history, combining point, based on specific historical materials on Yan’an literature and art, the modernity of Yan’an literature and art, the research system, in-depth and develop it in Chinese New literature.On the basis of systematic research, thesis for some major issues affecting the development of Yan’an’s bold and put forward some new ideas, such as for Yan’an literature and art in the production of the double main body,the Yan’an of the intellectuals in the period of "organic" problem, for the public, for the transformation from individual enlightenment to the class of enlightenment for the special function, the revolution in Yan’an literature, have put forward some original view.Especially for the special value of the revolution in Yan’an and conducted in-depth understanding, think the Yan’an period during the period of new democratic revolution pursuit through the establishment of a modern independent nation state process and the Yan’an literature and art pursuit of modern democracy consciousness writing and new literary expression is in collusion, through specific literary texts, literature phenomenon, literature movement carried out in-depth analysis on this issue. Based on analysis of the above question, proposed the modernity of Yan’an literature contains nationality, is a "literary modernity with Chinese characteristics".更多还原