【作者】 李芳；

【导师】 金莉；

【作者基本信息】 北京外国语大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 母亲身份是女性主义理论的核心部分。女性运动第二次浪潮以来,朱莉亚·克里斯蒂娃(Julia Kristeva).露西·伊利格瑞(Luce Irigaray).艾德里娜·里奇(Adrienne Rich).南希·乔多罗(Nancy Chodorow).萨拉·拉迪克(Sara Ruddick).卡罗尔·吉利根(Carol Gilligan)等分别从不同的角度聚焦于母亲,使母性理论在广度与深度上获得前所未有的丰收。与之相应,女性小说家也开始从考察自己与母亲的关系、建构自我的主体性出发,将目光转向母亲,使之从沉默的幕后走出来并逐渐获得自己的话语。随着女性主义理论的不断深入发展,美国当代女性小说家在书写母亲的过程中经历了从拒绝成为母亲,到渴望寻找母亲的谱系并试图确立母亲的主体性这一过程,而如何使母亲从被需要的客体成为获得自我的主体成为母性书写不可回避的核心问题。对此,不同的女作家从不同的角度寻找着答案。本文通过西尔维娅·普拉斯(Sylvia Plath)、汤亭亭(Maxine Hong Kingston).托妮·莫里森(Toni Morrison).路易斯·厄德里奇(Louise Erdrich).苏·米勒(Sue Miller).玛丽·戈登(Mary Gordon)、芭芭拉·金索佛(Barbara Kingsolver)这七位美国当代女性小说家的七部作品,即《钟形罩》(The Bell Jar,1963)、《女勇士》(The Woman Warrior,1976)、《男人与天使》(Men and Angels,1986)、《宠儿》(Beloved,1987)、《好母亲》(The Good Mother,1986)、《爱药》(Love Medicine,1984)、《豆树青青》(The Bean Trees,1988)来讨论母亲主体的建构之旅。本文将“对母亲主体的呼唤”、“成为爱的主体”、“成为身体的主体”以及“成为身份的主体”这四个维度来分析当代美国女性小说家的母性书写及其对母亲主体性的建构。在“对母亲主体的呼唤”这一章中,本文利用伊利格瑞等人的弑母理论以及心理分析方法对《钟形罩》与《女勇士》中母亲在女儿的书写中受到他者化,乃至遭受谋杀的现象进行分析,并结合五六十年代的社会文化背景讨论母亲从失语到开始自己的言说这一历史过程。“成为爱的主体”这一章结合本杰明、伊里格瑞等人有关爱的理论以及吉利根等人的女性主义伦理理论分析《宠儿》与《男人与天使》中提出的关于母爱的问题,并讨论母亲成为爱的主体的内涵及对母亲主体建构的意义。在“成为身体的主体”部分,本文通过对《好母亲》与《爱药》的解读,考察父权文化下被消解或扼制的母亲的身体,并分析身体与母亲的自我之间的关系。最后,本文最后一章“成为身份的主体”通过《豆树青青》与《爱药》中书写的替养母亲讨论当代女性在母亲身份选择上如何体现出自主性,从而成为其身份的主体。寻找母亲自己的话语、书写母亲自己的经历—这已成为当代女性小说家的重要使命。本文中讨论的母亲从女儿书写中的他者成为多样化的存在,无论是舍弃自己的孩子,还是纵情于身体之欲,还是拒绝通过传统的婚姻生养孩子,美国当代女性小说家笔下的母亲并没有抛弃作为母亲的责任,她们以血肉之躯寻找着自我的存在,使自己不再作为父权社会一厢情愿的客体被表述,而是作为行动的主体赋予母亲新的生命。本文以当代西方主要母性理论为理论框架分析所涉及的文本,从历史与现实的角度解读当代女性作家在其母性书写中对母亲主体性的建构。更多还原

【Abstract】 Motherhood is a central concept in feminist theories. Since the second wave of feminist movement, Julia Kristeva、Luce Irigaray、Adrienne Rich、Nancy Chodorow、 Sara Ruddick、Carol Gilligan, etc. have focused on theories of motherhood from different aspects and brought in many brilliant insights. Correspondingly, women novelists start to turn to their mothers through examining their relationship with their mothers so as to construct their own subjectivities, which has greatly helped contemporary mothers give voice to their own existence. With the development of feminist theories, writings on motherhood by contemporary American women novelists have shifted from the refusal of motherhood to a search for matrilineal geneology, trying to construct the subjectivity of the mother. However, how to turn mothers from the traditionally desired objects into spontateous subjects is a huge question, to which many women writers are trying to look for answers. This dissertation focuses on seven works by seven American women novelists: Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar(1963)、Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior (1976)、 Toni Morrison’s Beloved(1987)、Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine(1984)、Sue Miller’s The Good Mother(1986)、Mary Gordon’s Men and Angels(1986)、Barbara Kingsolver’s The Bean Trees(1988)to map these women writers’journey of constructing maternal subjectivities. In addition to Introduction and Conclusion, this dissertation is made up of four parts:1. The call for maternal subjectivity;2. Becoming the subject of love;3. Becoming the subject of the body;4. Becoming the subject of identity. While discussing "The Call for Maternal Subjectivity", theories of matricide from Irigaray and others will be employed to discuss how mothers were murdered in The Bell Jar and theories of orientalism will be used to analyse how the mother became the other in The Woman Warrior. Social and cultural background of the50s and60s is also examined to analyse how mothers started to create their own discourse from being silenced. In the chapter of "Becoming the Subject of Love". Benjamin and Irigaray’s theories on love and Giligan’s feminist ethics will be incorporated in the discussion of motherlove in Beloved and Men and Angels.The significance of becoming the subject of love in the process of constructing maternal subjecitiviy is also discussed. In the chapter of "Becoming the Subject of the Body", the body of the mother controlled or dismissed in patriarchal culture is analysed through the examination of The Good Mother and Love Medicine.The relationship between the body and the selfhood of the mother is also explored. Lastly, in the chapter "Becoming the Subject of Identiy", through studying The Bean Trees and Love Medicine, adoptive mothers are discussed to review how contemporary mothers have demonstrated their agency in the choosing of motherhood, so as to become the subject of their identity.Seeking mothers’own discourse and writing mothers’own experiences-this has become an important mission for contemporary American women novelists. The mothers discussed in this dissertation have changed from being the other in daughters’writing into various existences. No matter whether they are abandoning their own child, or indulging in their bodily desire, or refusing to give birth to children through traditional marriage, these contemporary women novelists are presenting mothers as subjects who are looking for their selfhood with their bodies instead of being objects willed by the patriarchal society. What’s more, these mothers do not desert their motherly responsibilityies in the process of constructing their subjectivities; instead, they are counscious of their mothering role and are making every effort to strike a balance between being a mother and being oneself. This dissertation has employed various contemporary maternal theories as the theoretical framework to understand the courageous presentation of motherhood in contemporary women novelists’writings.更多还原