【作者】 张继刚；

【导师】 刘敏；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国古代史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 西汉时期,汉政权通过独尊儒术、察举制等一系列措施使得各种社会势力逐渐融入到政权体系之中,地方豪强大族、文吏、士人甚至一些贫窭者都实现了向士大夫的转化。至西汉中后期,士大夫间的关系逐渐紧密,由“相善”而形成归属感,士大夫阶层逐渐形成。士大夫阶层不仅掌握有一定的政治权力,而且还拥有一定的经济势力和社会势力,具有极高的社会威望,有着稳定的社会结构,逐渐发展成为汉王朝的中坚社会势力。光武的建国与士大夫阶层对他的支持有着直接的关系。但是,东汉建立之后,在制度上进行了变革,“虽置三公,事归台阁”,东汉皇帝“政不任下”、“不复参以士流”,皇权得到强化,这使得士大夫阶层逐渐远离了朝廷的核心权力体系,处于“不亲接”的境况。士大夫阶层一方面被排挤出朝廷的核心权力体系,处于“不亲接”的境况；另一方面汉政权却以儒学取士,士大夫阶层逐渐强大,这种相悖的发展趋势,必然会导致皇权与士大夫阶层之间的冲突。这一冲突的加剧,便导致了党锢之祸的发生。党锢之祸后,受到彻底打击的士大夫阶层发生了分化。一部分士大夫仍然心系汉室,殷殷以献帝为念,此种情况被曹操所洞察和重视,曹操挟持汉献帝的目的也在于吸引心系汉室的士大夫为其所用。还有一些士大夫在党锢之祸后选择了不仕汉室和隐逸,另外一部分士大夫则放弃了以社稷为念的精神,转而向地方发展自身势力,其中的代表人物就是袁绍和刘焉。作为中坚社会势力的士大夫阶层的分化,最终加速了东汉王朝的瓦解。本文主要的论点有五个：1、士大夫阶层的形成及其构成汉代政权的中坚社会势力；2、东汉的建国与士大夫阶层的支持有密切的关系；3、士大夫阶层与专制皇权之间冲突的加剧导致了党锢之祸的发生；4、党锢之祸后士大夫阶层分化为三个部分,从而加速了东汉的瓦解；5、“挟天子以令诸侯”新探。更多还原

【Abstract】 During the Western Han dynasty, the regime integrated all kinds of social forces into its system gradually through a series of measures, such as Confucianism, Election system. The local powerful families, civilian officials, scholars and even some poor people were turned into the scholar-official. Until middle and later period of the Western Han dynasty, the relationship of scholar-officials became increasing close and formed a sense of belonging by the "Xiangshan (相善)", and the scholar-official class formed gradually. The scholar-official class not only possessed a certain amount of political power, but also had a certain economic and social forces, a very high social prestige and a stable social structure, so the scholar-official class became the backbone of social forces of Han dynasty. The establishment of Guangwu regime was mainly due to the support of the scholar-official class. However, after the establishment of the Eastern Han dynasty, Emperor Guangwu took a reform on the political system:"keep setting Sangong, but the real power belonged to Taige","distrust the minister "and" no longer appointed the group of scholar ". These measures strengthened the imperial power but kept the scholar-official class away from the core of power system, which was in an estranged situation gradually. However, the scholar-official class continued developing its power and became stronger. These two opposite trends, would inevitably led to intensification of the conflict between the Emperor and the scholar-official class. The serious intensification of the conflict led to the Danggu Scourge. The Danggu Scourge was the result of contradiction between the gradually stronger of the scholar-official class and the dictatorial imperial system of Eastern Han dynasty.After the Danggu Scourge, the scholar-official class, which had been beat thoroughly, began to split into three parts. One part still deeply concerned on Han dynasty and Xiandi, this phenomenon was discovered and used by Caocao and then control of the emperor. Caocao’s goal of control emperor was for attract scholar-officials. Also there are some scholar-officials broke away from Han dynasty and chose seclusion. The rest of them gave up the spirit of concerning the country and turned to expand forces themselves, whose representatives were Yuan Shao and Liu Yan. The differentiation of the scholar-official class, which was the backbone of social forces, eventually led to the collapse of Eastern Han dynasty.There are five main points in the thesis:First, the formation of the scholar-official class and its becoming the backbone of social forces of the Han dynasty. Second, the establishment of Guangwu regime was mainly due to the support of the scholar-official class. Third, the conflict between the Emperor and the scholar-official class that result in the Danggu Scourge. Fourth, After the Danggu Scourge, the scholar-official class began to split into three parts, which led to the collapse of Eastern Han dynasty. Fifth, A new discussion about "control emperor to command Feudal Kings".更多还原