【作者】 任娟娟；

【导师】 赵万里；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 社会学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 在工程活动日益建制化,工程师群体日益职业化的今天,地位获得对于具有复合角色的工程技术人员而言具有特殊的意义,因为它不仅意味着个人职业生涯的发展,而且意味着工程师群体在职业等级体系中赢得了相应的承认、地位和声望。因此,将高新技术企业工程师群体与地位获得问题联系起来,揭示这类多就职于体制外的技术精英群体的地位获得概况、考察其地位获得的影响因索、探究其地位获得机制,不仅对于认识受访工程师群体的存在状况,明确受访工私群体地位获得模式的特殊性,而且对于理解技术与社会之间的关系问题,均有着十分重要的理论意义与现实意义。基于此,本研究利用实证调研资料,对西安市高新技术企业工程师群体的地位获得问题进行了考察。研究发现：教育水平是一类十分重要的社会分层变量。与其他职业群体相比,高新技术企业工程师群体的教育获得情况整体趋高；该群体在教育地位获得方面的层化趋势相对较弱,但其内部仍呈现出上宽下窄、中部相对突出的不太规则的“倒梯形结构”；高新技术企业工程师群体的教育地位获得深刻地嵌入于几家庭背景之中,其教育地位获得是以母亲的文化程度、父母亲的职业以及受访者14岁时的户口为表征的家庭背景因素综合作用的结果。同时,工程职业领域家庭背景因素与子代教育地位获得之间的关联模式表明,教育获得兼具地位继承与文化流动双重功能,其既有可能成为优势社会阶层强化等级秩序的工具,也有可能成为劣势社会阶层实现上向流动的阶梯；此外,对受访工程师群体教育地位获得机制的研究表明,不仅存在以直接作用机制与间接作用机制为表征的地位继承机制,而且存在着以外在激励机制、内在约束机制以及个人能力机制为表征的文化流动机制。职业地位是现代社会中人们最重要的社会地位。与其他职业群体相比,高新技术企业工程师群体的职业获得情况整体偏好；该群体内部存在着十分明显的“梯形”的职业地位分层结构,且其初职地位获得的层化趋势要明显高于现职地位获得。同时,决定高新技术企业工程师群体职业地位高低的分层变量按其重要成都依次为：薪资水平、技术职称与职务状况；虽然高新技术企业工程师群体的职业地位获得也表现出一定程度的优势阶层地位继承性,但却并未表现出十分显著的阶层分割性特征；此外,高新技术企业工程师这类多就业于体制外的技术精英群体的职业地位获得,同样是肯定与否定绩效竞争原则的正式与非正式机制共同作用的结果。职业流动是一种持续存在的社会现象。与其他职业群体相比,虽然高新技术企业工程师群体的代内职业流动十分稳定,但其不仅保持着较高水平的跨组织的职业流动,而且保持着较高水平的代内、代际垂直上向流动；高新技术企业工程师群体的职业流动是先赋性与自致性因素共同作用的结果。但这两类因素对受访者职业流动的量度表现出显著的负效应,却对受访者职业地位变动的向度表现出显著的正效应。同时,家庭背景之类的先赋性因素的作用方式表明,受访者的代际职业地位变动过程表现出显著的流动性而非继承性特征；此外,虽然受访者主要依靠具有普适性的、正式的信息获取机制,以及规范化的、流程化的求职行为来实现跨组织的职业流动,但其求职过程仍然充满着社会性因素的影响,且其中某些因素的影响还远超出本研究所讨论的信息获取与职位申请阶段。总体来看,高新技术企业工程师群体是一类典型的高学历、高收入、高流动性的中高层职业群体；其内部存在着较为明显的地位分层现象,且其职业地位获得的层化趋势要明显高于教育地位获得；无论是受访工程师群体的教育地位获得、职业地位获得还是职业地位流动,均是体现普遍性原则的智识性因素与体现特殊性原则的社会性因素共同作用的结果,但在受访者地位获得的任何纬度,社会性因素均需通过智识性因素起作用；与此同时,社会性因素的作用方式与作用方向表明,受访者的地位获得表现出明显的代际劣势阶层地位流动性,而非优势阶层地位继承性特征；此外,高新技术企业工程师群体在任一纬度上的地位获得机制,均表现出明显的多元化、二重性等方面的特征。基于此,本研究认为,高新技术企业工程师群体并非只有智力角色,工程师群体的地位获得也并非完全遵从业绩至上原则。因此,应从推动我国工程师制度改革、促进我国工程师职业组织成长、加强我国工程师继续教育发展等方面入手,对高新技术企业工程师群体的地位获得过程进行引导、革新与控制,以便创造出更加公平、公正的工程职业环境。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nowadays, the engineer activities is increasingly institutionalized and the engineer groups is gradually professionalization, Status attainment has special significance for the engineering and technical personnel with complex role, Because it means not only that the engineers developed their career, but also that engineer groups won recognition, status and occupational prestige in the occupational hierarchy. Thence, link the engineers that work in high-tech enterprises with status attainment issue, reveal the status attainment situation of technical elite that often employed in the outside system, examine its influential factors, and investigate their status attainment mechanism, will have very important theoretical and practical significance not only for recognizing the living condition of engineer, clearing the particularity of the mode of engineer’s status attainment, but also for understanding the relationship between technology and society. Therefore, this study investigated the status attainment of engineers which work in high-tech enterprises using empirical research data. Findings:Education is a very important social stratification variable. Compared with other occupational groups, the educational attainment of engineers which work in high-tech enterprises is overall high; the stratified trend of educational status attainment is relatively weak, but it still shows irregular and inverted trapezoid structure that is wide at the top, narrow at the bottom, and big in the middle; The educational status attainment of engieeers that work in high-tech enterprises is deeply embedded into family background, their educational status attainment is the result of family background factors that characterized as mothers’education, parents’occupations, interviewee’s registered residence of14years old. At the same time, the analysis of associated mode and functional mechanism of family background and children’s educational status showed that education has a dual function of status inherit and cultural flow, it may become the tools that superior social class strengthen their hierarchical order, and it may also become the ladder that inferior social class achieve upward mobility. In addition, Research on educational status attainment mechanism of engineer groups have shown that not only exist status inheritance mechanism with characteristic of direct and indirect mechanism of action, but also cultural flow mechanism with characteristic of extrinsic motivation mechanism, intrinsic restraint mechanism and personal ability mechanism.Occupational status is one of the most important social status in the modern society. Compared with other occupational groups, the occupational attainment of engineers which work in high-tech enterprise is overall preference; Meanwhile, there is a very obvious trapezoidal structure in terms of occupational status stratification within the groups, and the stratified trend of their first job’s status attainment is significantly higher than the present job’s; According to the degree of importance, the stratification variables that determine the level of engineers’ occupational status are salary, technical titles and position; Although the occupational attainment of engineers which work in high-tech enterprise show a certain degree of advantage class status inheritance, but did not show a very significant class segmentation characteristics; Furthermore, the occupational status attainment of engineers that work in high-tech enterprise and often employed in the outside system is the common result of formal and informal mechanism that affirm and negate performance principles.Occupational mobility is a kind of persistent social phenomenon. Compared with other occupational groups, although occupational mobility of engineers which work in high-tech enterprises is very stable, however they not only maintained a high level of cross-organizational occupational mobility, but also a high level of intra-generational and intergenerational vertical upward occupational mobility; Occupational mobility of engineers which work in high-tech enterprise is result of ascribed and self-induced factors, however, these two types of factors show significant negative effect to the quantity of occupational mobility of respondents, but show a significant positive effect to the dimension of occupational status. At the same time, the mode of action of ascribed factors like family background explain that respondents’ intergenerational occupational status change showed significant liquidity rather than inherited characteristics; In addition, although respondents mainly rely on universal and formal access to information mechanism, and standardized, process-oriented job search bihavior to achieve corss-organizational oppucational mobility, but the occupational mobility process of engineers which work in high-tech enterprise is still affected by social factors, and some factors’effect has been far beyond the stage of access to information and job application that discussed in this study.Generally speaking, engineer groups of high-tech enterprises is a typical medium or high gradation occupational groups with high level of education, high-income and high mobility; There is more apparent status stratification phenomenon within engineer groups of high-tech enterprises, and the occupational status attainment’s stratified trend is significantly higher than the educational status attainment’s; Whether it is the educational status attainment, occupational status attainment or occupational status mobility of engineer groups, are all the result of intellectual factors that reflect the principle of universality and social factors that reflect the principle of specialty, but social factors play a role by the intellectual factors at any latitude of status attainment; At the same time, the mode and direction of action of social factors indicate that the respondents’status attainment showed significant liquidity characteristics of intergenerational disadvantage class status, rather than inherited characteristics of intergenerational advantages class status; In addition, the status attainment mechanism at any latitude even show significant diversification, duality characteristics; Based on this, this study suggests that the engineer groups of high-tech enterprise not only has the intelligence role, engineer groups’status attainment is not fully complied with the performance principles. Therefore, in order to create a more fair, just engineering professional environment, we should guide, innovation and control the course of status attainment by promote china’s engineer system reform, accelerate the growth of engineer professional organizations, and strengthen the development of engineer continuing education, etc.更多还原