【作者】 李宏哲；

【导师】 叶嘉莹； 孙克强；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 清词是词史上的又一次高峰,而康熙时期又是清词史上的第一个高峰。康熙一朝持续六十余年,从前期创作风格的多样并呈,到中后期趋向清雅,浙派一枝独秀,其间名家辈出,理论与创作均取得了很高成就,形成了清词自身的特色。从历史背景看,康熙朝的政局由波谲云诡逐渐趋向稳定。康熙帝本人对文学及文人的推崇,使得文学创作蔚然成风。同时,康熙朝印刷术的先进,也使得一批词籍文献得到刊刻,从而推进了词的创作。另外,清代臭名昭著的文字狱,在康熙一朝并不严重,对词之创作风气影响亦不甚明显。在文艺思想方面,经历了鼎革之际的清初文人倡导性情,反对摹拟。尽管唐宋诗之争仍然存在,但更多的文人把“性情”论放在第一位,要求言之有物,反对淫靡浮浅。这种思潮反映在词之创作上,形成了康熙词坛倡雅正的风气,并深刻影响了康熙中后期乃至整个清代词学的发展历程。康熙前期是康熙朝词学创作最为活跃的时期。以遗民词人群、贰臣词人群、“新晋”词人群及游幕词人群为特征的词人们,将各自的才华倾注于词之创作,形成了康熙前期词坛百家争鸣的局面。到康熙中后期,以《词综》的刊刻及博学鸿儒试的举行为分水岭,康熙词坛开始进入了相对的沉寂期。这个时期,浙西词派一家独大,呈现出以“清雅”词风为主导的词坛创作格局。清词的中兴意义更在于其题材的广泛性和境界的开拓上,以观剧词、咏物词、怀古词为突出特征的创作风尚,可以代表康熙词坛的繁荣。而以诗为词、以文为词的艺术手法之运用,则进一步为清词境界之开拓提供了基础。词派的繁荣亦是词坛创作兴盛的表现之一。康熙前期词派的纷呈到逐渐融合或沉寂的命运,是与康熙朝的历史发展趋势相一致的。最为典型的,就是阳羡词派的衰落和浙西词派的一枝独秀。这是因为,浙西词派的“醇雅”理论,不仅适应了盛世背景下的时代要求,也契合了我们这个民族的传统审美习惯。与词派的纷呈相一致的,就是康熙朝词选本的众多。康熙一朝的通代、断代词选本达到35种,远超清代历史上其他朝代,从侧面反映了康熙朝词之创作的兴盛。而以《词综》与《历代诗余》为代表的两部大型词选,一开清词史上“复雅”之声,一启官方整理词籍之先河,代表了康熙朝词选本整理的最高成就。创作的兴盛必然引起创作规范的探讨。从反驳明代《诗余图谱》、《啸余谱》等入手,万树编订了《词律》,该书以翔实的体例,严格的四声规范而著称,成为清代词人创作的圭臬。而康熙后期在《历代诗余》之基础上编订的《钦定词谱》,词调搜罗更为完备。这是康熙朝的又一部官方词学著作,它与《词律》一起,揭开了清代词律、词谱学研究的序幕。总之,康熙一朝词与词学的繁荣局面,是与词之尊体呼声的高涨分不开的,以陈维崧、朱彝尊、纳兰成德为代表的词人及围绕在他们周围的词人群,以其鲜明的理论和丰富的创作实践,掀起了清词史上的第一次高峰,并对清代中后期词人的创作产生了巨大影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Qing Ci is another peak of Ci history.,and the Kangxi period of Qing dynasty is the peak of Qing Ci history.In In the KangXi period,which persisted to sixty years,the Ci poem and its research formd its own characteristics, from various styles to the style of gentle and cultivated of Zhexi school.Take the historical background as a condtion, the political situation in the Kangxi reign from a turbulent gradually tend to be stable.Because the Emperor Kangxi respected literature and literati, making the literature become common practice.At the same time, the printing skill in Kangxi period also advanced, which made a number of Ci poem works was inscribed and promoted the creation of Ci poem. In addition, the early Qing Dynasty notorious literary inquisition in Kangxi was not serious,so it had a few affection to the creation of Ci poem.Then considering the Literary thought, the experienced of country change of the early Qing literati advocacy temperament against the mimic. Despite the the Ancient Poems dispute still exists, but more literati take the "temperament" theory on the first place, requirements have substance, against the Yinmi and superficial. This trend is reflected in the creation of the Ci poem, forming an Yazheng atmosphere in the Kangxi period, and have a profound impact on the course of development in the late Kangxi and the whole the Qing Dynasty of Ci poemThe early Kangxi period was the most active time of the Ci poem.The adherents poets crowd, the Erchen poets crowd, the Xinjin poets crowd,and the Youmu poet crowd, made their talent devoted to the creation of Ci poem, forming the top of Ci poem creation. In the late Kangxi period, take the Ci Zong inscribed and Learned Scholars trial held as a watershed, the Ci poem world of Kangxi altar began to enter a relative lull. This period, the Zhexi school send a single large, the style trend to elegant.The meaning of resurgence of Qing Ci but also in the breadth of its subject matter and the realm of pioneering. The opera Ci poem, chanting Ci poem and nostalgia Ci poem on behalf of the prosperity of Ci creation of Kangxi period. And take the technique of poet and the writings to the Ci creation, further exteded the realm of Ci in Qing dynasty.The prosperity of Ci-school is also one of the manifestations of the Ci poem creation..The Kangxi From the numerous of Ci-schools to the gradual integration,which has a consistent with the trend of historical development of the Kangxi reign. The most typical is the decline of Yangxian school and the thriving of Zhexi schools. Because the ChunYa theory not only to adapt to the requirements of the times in the Golden Age,but also fit the traditional aesthetic mentality of our nation.Consistent with The Ci-schools,the Ci xuan books apeared in large numbers.The dating and through-generation Cixuan books in Kangxi period reached35kinds, greatly exceeded other periods of Qing dynasty,again reflects the prosperity of Ci creation. Two large-scale Ci xuanben, Ci Zong and ancient poem,one represent a precedent in the history of Qing Ci,one represents the compile of Ci works in the government.The prosperity of Ci creation inevitably lead to The specification of creation.From start refuting The Ming Dynasty "Shi Yu Atlas," Xiao Yu spectrum ", WanShu compiled Ci-lv,which has informative style and strict tones specification, and become The poet philosophies of the Ci-creation.Besides in the basic of Ancient Ci poems,anther Ci spectrum was compiled.It’s another Ci research books that contained the official background.Along with the Ci-lv,It opened the prelude of Ci-lv study in the Qing Dynasty words.In short, the prosperity of Ci and its research in KangXi period,has a close relationship with the rising voice of a Ci-respect,Chen Weisong, Zhu Yizun and Nalan chengde,along with the Ci poets crowd around them, take their distinctive theory and a wealth of creative practice, creating the first peak of Qing Ci history. and bring out and tremendous impact to the late poets of the Qing Dynast.更多还原