【作者】 李屿洪；

【导师】 张思；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 分配制度是人民公社制度设计中的重要一环,也在很大程度上影响着人民公社制度的绩效。对人民公社时期分配制度的研究关系到对中国现代化道路的反思和再认识,具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。本文所进行的农村人民公社分配研究,针对的是当时农村社会财富和社会服务的整体分配,这既包括集体生产组织中的社会财富和收益的分配,也包括分配制度本身的设计与运行过程。本研究的一个重要创新点在于,通过对位于冀东平原和山西太行山地的两个普通村庄的个案研究,通过再现当时农村基层生产组织的具体分配实践过程,通过对当时生产队社员的具体分配行为的生动记述和描画,来重新考察和评价人民公社制度,进而重新思考中国的现代化道路。河北省昌黎县侯家营村和山西省阳城县下孔村保存着系统、丰富的村级文书档案,这为研究公社时期农村基层组织分配状况提供了重要的一手材料。本研究在分析和利用这些珍贵的农村基层档案的基础上,辅以各县乡级档案以及各类方志和政府文件等资料,同时进行多次田野调查,力求具体地去揭示两个华北村庄在集体化时期分配的实际情形和过程。这样一种利用基层农村档案与田野调查收获相结合,突出叙述乡村故事的研究方法,在人民公社分配制度研究中还是首创。位于冀东平原的昌黎县侯家营村与位于晋东南山地的阳城县下孔村地处两个截然不同的地域环境之中,由此各自呈现出分配制度的多样性和对当地独特情况的适应性,由此可以看出公社分配制度的设计在具体运行过程中会体现出地域环境的个性。这一研究视角和问题意识在公社研究中也属少见,具有重要的研究意义和价值。侯家营村和下孔村在人民公社时期的收益分配主要包括实物形态分配和现金形态分配两部分,其中实物分配是分配的主体,对社员生活有着举足轻重的影响。实物分配的主要对象是生产大队和生产队的农副产品,包括粮食、肉类、蔬菜、油料、糖类、棉花、柴草等,以及一些自己无法完全自给的物资,如各种调味品、煤炭、肥料、各种票证等。这两个村庄在进行实物分配和现金分配时都需要处理好国家、集体、个人三个部分之间的关系,但在粮食油料作物等的种植与分配,在副业和社办企业收入在分配中的地位等方面又呈现出鲜明的区域特色。集体收益分配过程中社员那一部分的分配需要工分制加以配合,社员和干部在分配中的行为与观念也充分体现在工分问题上。本研究探讨了普通社员和干部这两个群体在工分问题上的行为、观念及其异同,也探讨了不同类型的农户在工分制下的不同选择。干部作为集体组织和普通村民之间的媒介,既要贯彻执行国家、省、县直至公社安排下来的各种分配政策,也要考虑村庄的现实情况,满足社员们最基本的生存需要；同时,他们作为个人,还会千方百计地满足自己和家庭的私利,这三重考虑决定着干部会采取和普通社员有所区别的分配行为,分配观念也有差异,甚至会出现干部在具体分配过程中以权谋私的行为。农村基层大队和生产队的分配具体过程包括年初制定分配计划、平时预分和年底分配决算,侯家营村和下孔村恰巧保留着非常丰富的与此相关的档案资料——包括村干部工作笔记、村班子会议记录、大队和生产队会计账簿以及各类经济、财务统计表等等,其中各个年度的《收益分配计划表》、《分配预算表》、《预分方案》、《夏粮分配情况安排表》以及《社员借粮表》等等,都极为生动具体地再现了上述分配过程。两个村庄的个案表明,人民公社时期的分配与生产、积累、消费之间存在着错综复杂的关系,而当时的国家和各级政府所实施的政策都没有处理好这一重要关系。人民公社时期分配制度造成的结果是,国家对农民的攫取大于给于,农民的积极性受到压抑,这一结果进而造成农业增长缓慢,农民持续贫穷,全社会消费无力,造成国民经济失衡,城乡差距加大,工农业比例失调,造成对中国现代化进程的阻碍。更多还原

【Abstract】 The distribution system is an important part of the design of the People’s Commune System, which is also affecting the achievements of the latter. The research of the distribution system during the People’s Commune Period is related to the reflection and re-understanding of Chinese Modernization, which has the important academical and practical value.Study on the distribution of Rural People’s Commune in this article, is targeted at rural social distribution of wealth and social service as a whole, which includes both the distribution of wealth and income in the production organization, also includes the design and the process of he distribution system itself. An important innovation of this research is that, through a case study of two ordinary villages in the East of Hebei province and Shanxi Taihang mountain, through the reproduction of specific allocation practice in rural grass-roots organizations, through the vivid description of the distribution practice process by the production team members, we want to re-examine and evaluate the People’s Commune System, and then rethink the path of modernization in China.Houjiaying and Xiakong all have rich reference material, which provides significant primary material to study the distribution system in rural grass-roots organizations. In this study, we want to strive to reveal the specifical distribution process in two villages of North China during the Period of collectivization,by analysis and utilization of those precious rural archives, supported by a variety of county archives, local records and government documents, we also conducted a number of field research. Such method is the first study on the distribution system of the People’s Commune, which is a combination of grassroots rural archive and field research, highlighting narrative research on rural stories.Houjiaying and Xiakong are located in two distinct geographical environment, whereby each showing the diversity of the distribution system and to adapt to the unique circumstances of local resistance, which can reflect the personality of the geographical environment in the specific operation process. The perspective and awareness in this commune are rare in the study of People’s Commune. This issue is significant and valuable.The distribution during the Period of People’s Collectivization includes two parts:physical distribution and cash distribution. The former is principal, which has a decisive influence on the members’lives.The main object of physical distribution are agricultural and sideline products in production brigade and production team, including grain, meat, vegetables, oil, sugar, cotton, straw, as well as some material that can’t be completely self-sufficient, such as spices, coal, fertilizer various tickets, and so on. The two villages are required to properly handle the relationship between the three parts of the state, collectives and individual in physical distribution and cash allocation. But the cultivation and distribution the food and oil crops, the status of sideline and social enterprises income are both showed a distinctive regional characteristics.In the collective process of income distribution, the distribution of Commune members needs to be combined with the workpoint system. Behaviors and attitude of members and cadres are adequately reflected in the allocation of work points. This study explores the behavior, perception, their similarities and differences on the issue of work points in ordinary members and cadres, also explores different options of different types of fanners under the workpoint system. As a medium between collective organization and ordinary villagers, cadres should to implement various distribution policy by the state, province, county, or commune. They also should consider the actual situation of the village, which is in order to meet the basic survival needs of the members. At the same time, as individuals, they would do everything possible to meet the self-interest of themselves and their families. This triple consideration decided their behavior of distribution are different from ordinary members, the concept of distribution are also varied. They would even exploit power in specific allocation process.The allocation of the specific process in rural grass-roots group and the production team includes three parts:developing distribution plans, usual advance distribution and allocation accounts at the end of the year. Houjiaying and Xiakong just hold a wealth of archive data associated with this issue, including village cadres’ work notes, village team meetings, brigade and production team of accounting books and a variety of economic, financial tables and so on. Annual table of the revenue distribution plan, allocation of budget table, pre-sub-programs, the distribution of harvest schedule and members for grain table in each year, are extremely vivid and specific reproduction of the above allocation process.The case of the two villages showed, there is a complex relationship between the distribution, production, accumulation and consumption. But unfortunately, none of the policies implemented by the central government and all levels of governments has failed to address this important relationship. The result of the distribution system during the Period of People’s Commune is that, the government seized more from farmers than the given, enthusiasm of farmers was constrained. This result caused serious consequence:slow growth of agriculture, persistent poverty of farmers, incapable consumption of the whole society. The result also led to national economic imbalances, huge gap between urban and rural areas, industrial and agricultural imbalance, all of which have hindered the process of China’s modernization.更多还原