【作者】 左宏愿；

【导师】 高永久；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 政治学理论， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 当今一些国家和地区族群冲突的现实表明,族群冲突依然是很多国家还无法破解的难题,而由此带来政治不稳定和社会失序使很多无辜的人失去了生命,并使经济衰退,整个社会难以走向繁荣昌盛。族群冲突是社会冲突的一种类别划分,如果冲突的双方沿着族裔界限展开,或者有一方可以用族群的类别加以界定并基于族群认同来动员其成员,那么这类冲突就属于族群冲突。族群冲突的前提是族群多元化。然而,族群多元化本身并不必然导致族群冲突。族群冲突基于族群认同,但也源于现代国家构建中更为深层次的政治、经济等方面的结构性诱因。论文在对国内外族群冲突研究成果进行梳理的基础上,对族群冲突研究的核心概念作出了界定,分析了族群冲突的特征、类型。在此基础上,对现代国家构建进程中的族裔民族主义引发的冲突、经济现代化进程中出现的资源竞争型族群冲突、以及国家民主化转型中的族群政治冲突进行了综合性的政治分析,并详细和深入地比较分析了遏制族群冲突的理论思路和制度建设方案。本文的主要观点和结论包括四个方面。第一,族裔民族主义导致的冲突是族群冲突中高度政治化的一种族群冲突类型,也是民族国家框架下最难治理的族群冲突类型。在一个有着聚居型族群的多族群社会中,从长期来看,国家的政治建设如果难以构建一种包容性、可调适的政治体制,则很容易激发族裔民族主义的兴起,并导致族群政治冲突的发生。第二,现代国家构建进程中的民族整合,主要在于一个国家现代化进程中的经济整合和社会整合的有效性。在现代化进程中,一个国家内部不同族群之间的资源竞争也成为了导致族群冲突的重要结构性因素之一,如果族群间的经济竞争激化,族群差异与经济和政治不平等相互叠加,就具有发生族群冲突的结构性可能。其中,族裔地域性移民引起的族群冲突更为普遍。第三,族群多元化国家民主化转型中易于出现族群冲突。一个国家特定的族群政治形态实际上是族际政治力量对比的一种动态平衡的表现。民主化转型的过程包含一系列次级政治变迁以及政治过程的开放,在此过程中,原先的族群政治结构的平衡可能随着打破。在这种情况下,由于新的政治机会结构和族群政治精英的鼓动,利用原先存在的族际紧张关系,有可能引发族群冲突而致使民主化转型失败。第四,如果族群冲突是特定政治结构和社会过程的产物,那么其发展方向必然也受到政治制度的调节和控制。从政治实践的角度来看,对于一个国家的族群多样性,有着不同的治理路径,有的国家试图通过消除差异来治理族群冲突问题,有的国家试图通过治理差异来遏制族群冲突。鉴于人类社会全球化的发展,消除差异的方法不仅不具有道德上的可辩护性,也可能落后于多元化本身产生的速度。治理差异的路径和思路有很多,但不外乎整合主义主张和调适主义主张两个大的路径。虽然很多学者提出了很多遏制族群冲突、治理族群多元化的制度方案,但是,基于一些国家的族群结构现实,如果不破除“族国同构”的同质化迷思,建立适合于自己国家族群结构的治理形态,将很难遏制族群冲突。更多还原

【Abstract】 The reality of ethnic conflict in some countries and regions reveals that ethnic conflict is still intractable and difficult to settle today. Ethnic conflict, as a threat to be controlled, is a source of great challenges to the political stability and of social order in some multi-ethnic countries. Ethnic conflict, especially ethnic violence, leads to tremendous human suffering. It also caused economic recession, so that the whole community is difficult to move towards prosperity. Ethnic conflict is one particular form of conflict:that in which the goals of at least one party are defined in ethnic terms, and in which the primary fault line of confrontation in one of ethnic distinctions. Whatever the concrete issues may be over which conflict erupts, at least one of the parties will explain its dissatisfaction in ethnic terms.Ethnic conflict is a consequence of ethnic pluralism. However, ethnic pluralism itself is not a sufficient cause of ethnic conflict per se. Ethnic conflict stems from the political, economic and other aspects of the more deep-seated structural factors. Based on the literature of ethnic conflict study in China and abroad, this dissertation defined the principal terms and concepts in ethnic conflict study, explores the characteristics and the types of ethnic conflict. On this basis, this dissertation takes the subject of ethnic conflicts triggered by ethnic nationalism in the process of modern nation-state building, resources competition for scarce and valued resources, as well as ethnic conflict in the outset of democratic transition. At last, this dissertation provides a detailed political analysis of the general thought and institutional arrangement of containing ethnic conflict.The first main point of this dissertation is that ethnic nationalism is not only a highly politicized ethnic conflict, but also the most difficult type of conflict. In the process of the modern state building, If the state elite could not build an inclusive and adaptive political system, it can easily lead to the rise of ethnic nationalism and the ethno-national cries, which appears to be especially so in cases for territorially concentrated ethnic group whose desire is neither assimilation nor cultural autonomy, but a more complete political independence from the dominant society. Secondly, the success of national integration depends on the effectiveness of economic integration and social integration. However, there is always unevenness in rates of social change among different ethnic groups leading in turn to imbalances in their relative access to economic resources, educational advantages, and political power. Indeed, resources competition between the different ethnic groups within a country in the process of modernization, also can becomes one of structural factors that lead to ethnic conflict. The ability of diverse groups in multiethnic societies to live together in relative harmony while maximizing equality in the distribution of political and economic resources among them depends in large measure on the presence of a central state with sufficient power to contain intergroup conflict to a tolerable degree, but fair enough to win the allegiance of all ethnic groups.Thirdly, specific ethnic political structure of a country is actually a dynamic equilibrium of inter-ethnic political balance. Democratic transition, which means a series of sub-political changes and the opening of the political process, can change the structure of the balance of the ethnic politics, and creates uncertainties. In this case, due to the emergence of the new political opportunity structure, and political elite play the ethnic card by manipulating pre-existing ethnic tensions and democratic freedoms, may lead to ethnic conflict, resulting in a failed democratic transformation.Fourthly, ethnic conflict is the product of a particular political structure and social process, so its development direction is also affected by the political regulation and control. From the point of view of political practice, different states have different strategies. Some are trying to eliminate differences in order to contain ethnic conflict, some are trying to curb ethnic conflict through the management of differences. In view of the development of globalization, to eliminate differences has no moral justification, but also may lagged behind the speed of the diversification itself. However, for many countries, if not break out the myth of homogeneity of national integration, to establish an accommodative institution and governance structure, it will be hard to settle ethnic conflict in the long run.更多还原